What do systematic reviews say?

FLUPHENAZINE (ORAL) vs OLANZAPINE

It is very uncertain whether FLUPHENAZINE (ORAL) changes adverse effects: Extrapyramidal effects ‐ akathisia ‐ short term (up… compared with OLANZAPINE (very low certainty).

• Fluphenazine (oral) versus atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3 [0.9, 10.01]
  1 study · 60 participants
  Very low

Prednisone (oral, commencing 25 mg with phased dose reduction over 2 months) vs placebo

• Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes

  2 months
  Femiano 2003: one significant adverse event (gastritis) for the prednisone group versus none for placebo. Femiano 2010: more drug-related adverse effects for those treated with prednisone than placebo.
  2 studies
  GRADE not reported

Prednisone (oral, commencing 25 mg with phased dose reduction over 2 months) vs Montelukast (leukotriene receptor antagonist)

• Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes

  2 months
  The study reported more drug-related adverse effects for those treated with prednisone than montelukast.
  1 study · 40 participants
  GRADE not reported

Inhaled tobramycin (TNS) plus oral azithromycin vs TNS plus oral placebo

Inhaled tobramycin (TNS) plus oral azithromycin showed no clear difference in adverse effects of antibiotics: number of participants experiencing… compared with TNS plus oral placebo (moderate certainty).

• Antibiotic strategies for eradicating Pseudomonas aeruginosa in people with cystic fibrosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.05 [0.96, 1.14]
  1 study · 221 participants
  Moderate

Pharmacological oral galactagogues vs placebo or no treatment

• Oral galactagogues (natural therapies or drugs) for increasing breast milk production in mothers of non‐hospitalised… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 133 participants
  Very low

FLUPHENAZINE (ORAL) vs RISPERIDONE

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Fluphenazine (oral) versus atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Pentoxifylline (oral 400 mg thrice daily) plus meglumine antimoniate (IMMA) (20 mg/ kg /day for 20 days) vs IMMA plus placebo

• Interventions for American cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 70 participants
  Moderate

Summary of findings: oral steroids plus antibiotic vs control plus antibiotic

Summary of findings: oral steroids plus antibiotic showed no clear difference in adverse effects [2 weeks to 6 months] compared with control plus antibiotic (low certainty).

• Oral or topical nasal steroids for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.5 [0.81, 2.78]
  2 studies · 255 participants
  Low

FLUPHENAZINE (ORAL) vs AMISULPRIDE

It is very uncertain whether FLUPHENAZINE (ORAL) changes adverse effects: Extrapyramidal effects ‐ concomitant… compared with AMISULPRIDE (very low certainty).

• Fluphenazine (oral) versus atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 7.82 [1.07, 57.26]
  1 study · 36 participants
  Very low

Patient‐centred outcomes for oral vs IV iron

Patient‐centred outcomes for oral may leads to lower type of adverse event: all gastrointestinal adverse effects compared with IV iron (low certainty).

• Parenteral versus oral iron therapy for adults and children with chronic kidney disease 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.47 [0.33, 0.66]
  14 studies · 1986 participants
  Low

Educational intervention with information and practical components (theoretical oral health education plus practical skills training) for nursing staff and/or residents vs (Optimised) usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Oral health educational interventions for nursing home staff and residents 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
  None of the included studies assessed adverse effects of the intervention.
  0 studies
  No studies found

Oral irrigation plus toothbrushing vs Toothbrushing alone

• Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling periodontal… 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Three studies reported that there were no adverse events, one reported one incidence of aphthous ulcer in irrigator group, one reported oral lacerations but found no difference between the interventions, and one did…
  5 studies
  GRADE not reported

Oral irrigation plus toothbrushing vs Flossing plus toothbrushing

• Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling periodontal… 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Both studies reported that there were no adverse events in either study group.
  2 studies
  GRADE not reported

Oral diclofenac sodium (NSAID) vs splint

Diclofenac sodium (oral NSAID) showed no clear difference in complications (adverse effects) compared with occlusal splint therapy; GRADE not reported.

• Interventions for managing temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes
  RR 1.07 [0.50, 2.28]
  1 study · 29 participants
  GRADE not reported

Oral ciprofloxacin and inhaled colistin vs no treatment

• Antibiotic strategies for eradicating Pseudomonas aeruginosa in people with cystic fibrosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 26 participants
  Very low

Combined oral contraceptive pill vs levonorgestrel intrauterine system

It is very uncertain whether combined oral contraceptive pill changes adverse effects ‐ Any adverse events compared with levonorgestrel‐releasing intrauterine system (very low certainty).

• Combined hormonal contraceptives for heavy menstrual bleeding 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.5 [0.22, 10.14]
  1 study · 39 participants
  Very low

Periodontal treatment (scaling and root planing, polishing, or surgery), alone or with oral hygiene counselling, antiseptics, or antimicrobials vs no treatment

• Treating periodontal disease for preventing adverse birth outcomes in pregnant women 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
  0% in both groups; Not estimated; 2389 participants (4 RCTs)
  4 studies · 2389 participants
  GRADE not reported

Oral ciprofloxacin and inhaled colistin vs inhaled tobramycin

It is very uncertain whether oral ciprofloxacin and inhaled colistin changes adverse effects of antibiotics: severe cough compared with inhaled tobramycin (TNS) (very low certainty).

• Antibiotic strategies for eradicating Pseudomonas aeruginosa in people with cystic fibrosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.32 [0.01, 8.24]
  1 study · 58 participants
  Very low

Oral gabapentin vs placebo

• Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders 2010 · Cochrane All outcomes

  12 weeks
  Four of the participants withdrew from the study by Kimos et al 2007 due to adverse effects, but neither the type of adverse effect nor the trial group was specified.
  1 study · 44 participants
  GRADE not reported

Oral clonazepam (benzodiazepine) vs placebo

• Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders 2010 · Cochrane All outcomes

  60 days
  One participant in the clonazepam group withdrew from the study by Harkins et al 1991 due to severe headache.
  1 study · 20 participants
  GRADE not reported