What do systematic reviews say?

Mefloquine vs doxycycline

Mefloquine showed no clear difference in discontinuations due to adverse effects compared with doxycycline; GRADE not reported.

• Mefloquine for preventing malaria during travel to endemic areas 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.08 [0.41, 2.87]
  4 studies · 763 participants
  GRADE not reported

Pilocarpine vs no treatment/placebo

• Pharmacological interventions for preventing dry mouth and salivary gland dysfunction following radiotherapy 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
  No evidence of a difference for any other adverse event (nausea, vomiting, chilling, headache, lacrimation, dysphasia, weakness, nervousness, rhinitis, blurred vision, urinary frequency, dizziness, palpitation, skin…
  Studies not reported
  GRADE not reported

Provision of maize flour or maize flour products fortified with iron plus other vitamins and minerals vs unfortified maize flours or maize flour products

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Fortification of maize flour with iron for controlling anaemia and iron deficiency in populations 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Cisapride vs placebo

• Interventions for preventing distal intestinal obstruction syndrome (DIOS) in cystic fibrosis 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 17 participants
  Very low

Levamisole vs steroids or placebo or both, or no treatment

Levamisole showed no clear difference in adverse effects: ANCA positive/arthritis compared with steroids or placebo or both, or no treatment (low certainty).

• Non‐corticosteroid immunosuppressive medications for steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3 [0.13, 71.92]
  1 study · 100 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in adverse effects: vomiting 48 to 72 hours (low certainty).

• Vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in infants one to six months of age 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.95 [0.67, 1.35]
  2 studies · 2187 participants
  Low

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors vs placebo

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors probably leads to higher number of dropouts due to adverse effects compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Antidepressants versus placebo for panic disorder in adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.45 [1.16, 1.81]
  22 studies · 4131 participants
  Moderate

Serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRI) vs placebo

Serotonin‐norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors showed no clear difference in number of dropouts due to adverse effects compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Antidepressants versus placebo for panic disorder in adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.49 [0.92, 2.4]
  4 studies · 1531 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in adverse effects: diarrhoea 48 to 72 hours (low certainty).

• Vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in infants one to six months of age 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.07 [0.82, 1.4]
  3 studies · 2176 participants
  Low

Tricyclic antidepressants vs benzodiazepines

TCAs may leads to higher number of dropouts due to adverse effects compared with benzodiazepines (low certainty).

• Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.1 [1.13, 3.93]
  2 studies · 848 participants
  Low

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors vs benzodiazepines

It is very uncertain whether SSRIs changes number of dropouts due to adverse effects compared with benzodiazepines (very low certainty).

• Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.2 [0.55, 2.61]
  1 study · 154 participants
  Very low

Tricyclic antidepressants vs SSRI

TCAs showed no clear difference in number of dropouts due to adverse effects compared with SSRI (low certainty).

• Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.43 [0.82, 2.48]
  5 studies · 476 participants
  Low

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors vs SNRIs

SSRIs showed no clear difference in number of dropouts due to adverse effects compared with SNRIs (low certainty).

• Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.86 [0.49, 7.05]
  2 studies · 991 participants
  Low

Xylitol syrup (high dose, 8 g/day) vs Control (low-dose xylitol, 2.67 g/day) syrup

• Xylitol‐containing products for preventing dental caries in children and adults 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes

  12 months
  Adverse effects were not reported in a usable format, but the reported rates of loose stools and diarrhoea were very similar between groups. There were no serious adverse effects during the study. Milgrom 2009.
  1 study · 94 participants
  GRADE not reported

Laxative vs placebo

Laxative may leads to higher adverse effects on women: abdominal cramps compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing postpartum constipation 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 4.23 [1.75, 10.19]
  1 study · 471 participants
  Low

Combined HBO and perioperative antibiotics prior to dental implant therapy vs antibiotics alone

• Interventions for preventing osteoradionecrosis of the jaws in adults receiving head and neck radiotherapy 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  1 year
  This comparison was only made in 1 study which reported no serious adverse events associated with HBO therapy. Quality of life measures (oral status, functioning, satisfaction) showed emotional functioning and pain…
  1 study · 26 participants
  Very low

Peripartum/postnatal prophylaxis: UFH vs no treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Peripartum/postnatal prophylaxis (caesarean): heparin (LMWH or UFH) vs no treatment/placebo

• Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 140 participants
  Very low

Peripartum/postnatal prophylaxis (caesarean): LMWH vs UFH

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Postnatal prophylaxis: LMWH vs no treatment/placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found