What do systematic reviews say?

HP paint-on gel vs placebo

• Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  HP group had more gum irritation (reddening) than placebo though mild; one case of tooth sensitivity (Collins 2004a)
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

HP strips vs 2% HP mouthwash/rinse

• Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Tooth sensitivity and oral irritation more common in strip group; all mild (Gerlach 2005)
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

CP paint-on gel vs HP strips

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Not reported
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

HP strips vs placebo

• Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Mild and transient tooth sensitivity and oral irritation were the most common adverse events reported in most of the trials
  7 studies
  GRADE not reported

CP gel in tray vs HP gel in tray

• Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  No difference between HP and CP in tray groups in tooth sensitivity and oral irritation
  3 studies
  GRADE not reported

HP strips vs HP strips

• Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Very thin gel had less tooth sensitivity than thicker gel despite higher HP; not significant
  2 studies
  GRADE not reported

SPC paint-on gel vs HP paint-on gel

• Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Tooth sensitivity in one subject from both groups; one subject in 19% SPC reported oral sensitivity; all mild (Gerlach 2003)
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

STPP chewing gum vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Not reported
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Cooling treatment (ice pack) vs placebo (water pack)

• Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 63 participants
  GRADE not reported

Xylitol lozenges (4.7 g/day) vs no treatment

• Xylitol‐containing products for preventing dental caries in children and adults 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes

  24 months (48-month follow-up)
  There were no usable data presented for adverse effects. Lenkkeri 2012.
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Xylitol candy (7.5 g/day) vs Control (sorbitol) candy

• Xylitol‐containing products for preventing dental caries in children and adults 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes

  36 months
  The authors reported that there were no adverse effects for either group. Honkala 2014.
  1 study · 252 participants
  GRADE not reported

Cooling treatment (ice pack) vs no treatment

It is very uncertain whether cooling treatment (ice pack or cold gel pad) changes adverse effects on perineal wound healing: Day 5 ‐ Wound not healing compared with no treatment (very low certainty).

• Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.24 [0.34, 4.58]
  1 study · 315 participants
  Very low

Cooling treatment (ice pack) vs cooling treatment (cold gel pad)

It is very uncertain whether cooling treatment (ice pack) changes adverse effects on perineal wound healing: Day 5 ‐ Wound not healing compared with cooling treatment (cold gel pad) (very low certainty).

• Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.01 [0.26, 3.93]
  1 study · 215 participants
  Very low

Cooling treatment (ice pack) vs no treatment

It is very uncertain whether cooling treatment (ice pack or cold gel pad) changes adverse effects on perineal wound healing: Day 5 ‐ Wound edges gaping compared with no treatment (very low certainty).

• Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.56 [0.58, 11.33]
  1 study · 315 participants
  Very low

Cooling treatment (ice pack) vs cooling treatment (cold gel pad)

It is very uncertain whether cooling treatment (ice pack) changes adverse effects on perineal wound healing: Day 5 ‐ Wound edges gaping compared with cooling treatment (cold gel pad) (very low certainty).

• Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.22 [0.05, 1.01]
  1 study · 215 participants
  Very low

Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) vs Other methods (pooled: ART/glass ionomer cement, nano-silver fluoride, sodium fluoride varnish, placebo)

SDF commonly causes black staining of arrested lesions; only mild, transient adverse events were reported, with no major adverse events (ungraded).

• The role of silver diamine fluoride as dental caries preventive and arresting agent: a systematic review and… 2024 All outcomes

  up to 30 months · Children/adults with dental caries; multiple countries; community/clinic care setting not clearly specified
  Black staining of arrested lesions reported in most studies; 4 studies reported mild transient events (gingival blenching/pain; diarrhea/stomachache; burning, bad taste, pain, mouth injury, dissatisfaction with…
  Studies not reported
  GRADE not reported

Home (point‐of‐use) fortification of foods with multiple micronutrient powders vs placebo or no intervention

Point‐of‐use fortification of foods with micronutrients powders (MNP) showed no clear difference in adverse effects (any, as defined by trialists) compared with no intervention or placebo (moderate certainty).

• Point‐of‐use fortification of foods with micronutrient powders containing iron in children of preschool and school‐age 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.09 [0.16, 7.42]
  1 study · 90 participants
  Moderate

Xylitol wipes (4.2 g/day) vs Control wipes (no xylitol)

• Xylitol‐containing products for preventing dental caries in children and adults 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes

  12 months
  The authors reported that there were no adverse effects for either group. Zhan 2012.
  1 study · 44 participants
  GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Tai Chi for rheumatoid arthritis 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Xylitol syrup (high dose, 8 g/day) vs Control (low-dose xylitol, 2.67 g/day) syrup

• Xylitol‐containing products for preventing dental caries in children and adults 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes

  12 months
  Adverse effects were not reported in a usable format, but the reported rates of loose stools and diarrhoea were very similar between groups. There were no serious adverse effects during the study. Milgrom 2009.
  1 study · 94 participants
  GRADE not reported