Final diagnosis of at least one episode of AOM · preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age
Xylitol probably leads to lower final diagnosis of at least one episode of AOM compared with control (moderate certainty).
3 findings from 1 review
RR 0.75 [0.65, 0.88]
3 studies · 1826 participants
Moderate
RR 0.9 [0.67, 1.21]
1 study · 326 participants
Low
RR 1.13 [0.83, 1.53]
1 study · 1253 participants
Moderate
Antibiotic administration ‐ not measured · preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age
1 finding from 1 review
Hospitalisation ‐ not reported · preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age
3 findings from 1 review
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported
Mortality ‐ not reported · preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age
3 findings from 1 review
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported
Number of days missed at school or daycare ‐ not measured · preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age
3 findings from 1 review
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported
Cost ‐ not measured · preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age
3 findings from 1 review
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported
Gastrointestinal adverse events · preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age
Xylitol showed no clear difference in gastrointestinal‐related adverse events compared with control (moderate certainty).
3 findings from 1 review
RR 1.04 [0.92, 1.16]
1 study · 326 participants
Moderate
RR 1.43 [0.74, 2.75]
3 studies · 1826 participants
Moderate
RR 2.82 [0.61, 13]
1 study · 1277 participants
Moderate
Antibiotic administration · preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age
Xylitol showed no clear difference in antibiotic administration compared with control (moderate certainty).
2 findings from 1 review
Number of infants with a caries increment (dmfs) · Infants (primary teeth)
Xylitol wipes (4.2 g/day) showed no clear difference in number of infants with a caries increment (dmfs) compared with control wipes (no xylitol) (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse effects · Infants (primary teeth)
1 finding from 1 review
Caries increment (DFS) · adults
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse effects (sores in the mouth, cramps, bloating, constipation, flatulence, loose stool or diarrhoea) · adults
1 finding from 1 review
Patterns of adverse effects (sores in the mouth, cramps, bloating, constipation, flatulence, and loose stool or diarrhoea) were similar for both groups. Bader 2013.
1 study · 669 participants
GRADE not reported
Adverse effects (loose stools, diarrhoea) · Infants (primary teeth; baseline about 9 to 15 months)
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse effects were not reported in a usable format, but the reported rates of loose stools and diarrhoea were very similar between groups. There were no serious adverse effects during the study. Milgrom 2009.
1 study · 94 participants
GRADE not reported
Caries in primary teeth (mean number of decayed primary teeth) · Infants (primary teeth; baseline about 9 to 15 months)
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse effects · Children with permanent teeth (schoolchildren)
1 finding from 1 review
Caries increment (DFS), prevented fraction at 2.5 to 3 years · Children with permanent teeth (schoolchildren)
1 finding from 1 review
Xylitol chewing gum vs No treatment or non-cariogenic control
Outcome not reported · Children and adults
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
Patient preference · Adults seeking treatment for the symptom of dry mouth (xerostomia) due to any cause (e.g. medication, Sjogren's syndrome, radiotherapy,…
1 finding from 1 review
Stimulated whole saliva (SWS) · Adults seeking treatment for the symptom of dry mouth (xerostomia) due to any cause (e.g. medication, Sjogren's syndrome, radiotherapy,…
1 finding from 1 review
Xerostomia (dry mouth relief) · Adults seeking treatment for the symptom of dry mouth (xerostomia) due to any cause (e.g. medication, Sjogren's syndrome, radiotherapy,…
1 finding from 1 review
Risheim 1993 (crossover, high risk of bias, n=18, rheumatic patients): both products gave good subjective relief of dry mouth in slightly less than one third of participants; crossover design not accounted for, no…
1 study · 18 participants
GRADE not reported