Spina bifida · health: non‐randomised studies
It is very uncertain whether wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus… changes spina bifida compared with unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing… (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
RR 0.29 [0.16, 0.56]
8037 participants
Very low
Encephalocoele · health: non‐randomised studies
It is very uncertain whether wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus… changes encephalocoele compared with unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing… (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
RR 0.26 [0.13, 0.56]
8037 participants
Very low
Fatal anencephaly · health: non‐randomised studies
It is very uncertain whether wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus… changes fatal anencephaly compared with unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing… (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
RR 0.47 [0.21, 1.07]
8037 participants
Very low
Folate concentration Serum folate levels, measured between 6 and 12 months after entry to the study · health: non‐randomised studies
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
657 participants
Very low
Anaemia · health: non‐randomised studies
It is very uncertain whether wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus… changes anaemia compared with unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing… (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
RR 0.87 [0.68, 1.11]
657 participants
Very low
Erythrocyte folate concentrations (nmol/L) · health outcomes
1 finding from 1 review
Folate concentration Serum folate levels, measured between 6 and 12 months after entry to the study · health outcomes
1 finding from 1 review
Anaemia · health outcomes
Wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus… showed no clear difference in anaemia compared with unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing… (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Haemoglobin (g/dL) · health outcomes
1 finding from 1 review
Neural tube defects (All) · health: non‐randomised studies
It is very uncertain whether wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus… changes neural tube defects (spina bifida, encephalocoele, anencephaly‐fatal… compared with unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing… (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
RR 0.32 [0.21, 0.48]
8037 participants
Very low
Change in ADAS‐Cog · people with Alzheimer's disease
1 finding from 1 review
Number of participants experiencing any serious adverse events · people with Alzheimer's disease
Vitamin E (capsules 2000 IU/day in two divided doses) showed no clear difference in adverse events Number of participants reporting ≥ 1 serious adverse… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Deaths Number of deaths · people with Alzheimer's disease
Vitamin E (capsules 2000 IU/day in two divided doses) showed no clear difference in deaths Number of deaths compared with placebo (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Activities of daily living · people with Alzheimer's disease
1 finding from 1 review
Progression to Alzheimer's disease Number of people progressing to AD · MCI
Vitamin E (capsules 2000 IU/day in two divided doses) showed no clear difference in progression to Alzheimer's disease Number of people progressing to AD compared with placebo (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Change in ADAS‐Cog · MCI
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Number of participants experiencing any serious adverse events · MCI
1 finding from 1 review
Death Number of deaths over 36 months · MCI
Vitamin E (capsules 2000 IU/day in two divided doses) showed no clear difference in death Number of deaths over 36 months compared with placebo (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Activities of daily living · MCI
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Caries presence in primary teeth · For interventions, pregnant women, mothers or other caregivers of infants in the first year of life; for outcomes, children up to 6 years…
It is very uncertain whether high-dose vitamin D3 supplementation during pregnancy (2400 IU/day… changes caries presence in primary teeth compared with low-dose (standard) vitamin D supplementation as recommended in… (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review