What do systematic reviews say?

Surgical interventions (exploration and decompression / external neurolysis, internal neurolysis, neurorrhaphy / direct repair, neuroma excision, anastomosis, autologous or allograft nerve grafting or tubulization) vs conservative interventions

• Interventions for treating femoral shaft fractures in children and adolescents 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 101 participants
  Low

Surgical interventions (exploration and decompression / external neurolysis, internal neurolysis, neurorrhaphy / direct repair, neuroma excision, anastomosis, autologous or allograft nerve grafting or tubulization) vs conservative interventions

Surgical interventions probably leads to lower unacceptable malunion Assessed by imaging compared with conservative interventions (moderate certainty).

• Interventions for treating femoral shaft fractures in children and adolescents 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.29 [0.15, 0.59]
  4 studies · 264 participants
  Moderate

Surgical interventions (exploration and decompression / external neurolysis, internal neurolysis, neurorrhaphy / direct repair, neuroma excision, anastomosis, autologous or allograft nerve grafting or tubulization) vs conservative interventions

Surgical interventions may leads to higher serious adverse events compared with conservative interventions (low certainty).

• Interventions for treating femoral shaft fractures in children and adolescents 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.39 [1.1, 5.17]
  4 studies · 264 participants
  Low

Surgical interventions (exploration and decompression / external neurolysis, internal neurolysis, neurorrhaphy / direct repair, neuroma excision, anastomosis, autologous or allograft nerve grafting or tubulization) vs conservative interventions

• Interventions for treating femoral shaft fractures in children and adolescents 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 46 participants
  Low

Surgical interventions (exploration and decompression / external neurolysis, internal neurolysis, neurorrhaphy / direct repair, neuroma excision, anastomosis, autologous or allograft nerve grafting or tubulization) vs conservative interventions

• Interventions for treating femoral shaft fractures in children and adolescents 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 101 participants
  Low

Surgical interventions (exploration and decompression / external neurolysis, internal neurolysis, neurorrhaphy / direct repair, neuroma excision, anastomosis, autologous or allograft nerve grafting or tubulization) vs conservative interventions

Surgical interventions may leads to higher parent satisfaction Rated as excellent or good compared with conservative interventions (low certainty).

• Interventions for treating femoral shaft fractures in children and adolescents 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.34 [1.05, 1.73]
  1 study · 46 participants
  Low

Surgical interventions (exploration and decompression / external neurolysis, internal neurolysis, neurorrhaphy / direct repair, neuroma excision, anastomosis, autologous or allograft nerve grafting or tubulization) vs conservative interventions

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for treating femoral shaft fractures in children and adolescents 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Medical or surgical intervention, or both, for gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease vs nil intervention, delayed intervention control, or placebo

Medical or surgical intervention, or both, for gastro‐oesophageal… showed no clear difference in number of participants with moderate/severe acute exacerbations… compared with nil intervention, delayed intervention control, or placebo (low certainty).

• Pharmacological and surgical interventions for the treatment of gastro‐oesophageal reflux in adults and children with… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.53 [0.17, 1.63]
  2 studies · 1168 participants
  Low

Medical or surgical intervention, or both, for gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease vs nil intervention, delayed intervention control, or placebo

• Pharmacological and surgical interventions for the treatment of gastro‐oesophageal reflux in adults and children with… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  7 studies · 1333 participants
  Moderate

Medical or surgical intervention, or both, for gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease vs nil intervention, delayed intervention control, or placebo

• Pharmacological and surgical interventions for the treatment of gastro‐oesophageal reflux in adults and children with… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 239 participants
  Moderate

Medical or surgical intervention, or both, for gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease vs nil intervention, delayed intervention control, or placebo

• Pharmacological and surgical interventions for the treatment of gastro‐oesophageal reflux in adults and children with… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 1595 participants
  Low

Medical or surgical intervention, or both, for gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease vs nil intervention, delayed intervention control, or placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Pharmacological and surgical interventions for the treatment of gastro‐oesophageal reflux in adults and children with… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Surgical interventions (exploration and decompression / external neurolysis, internal neurolysis, neurorrhaphy / direct repair, neuroma excision, anastomosis, autologous or allograft nerve grafting or tubulization) vs conservative interventions

• Surgical versus conservative interventions for treating acromioclavicular dislocation of the shoulder in adults 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 112 participants
  Low

Surgical interventions (exploration and decompression / external neurolysis, internal neurolysis, neurorrhaphy / direct repair, neuroma excision, anastomosis, autologous or allograft nerve grafting or tubulization) vs conservative interventions

It is very uncertain whether surgical intervention changes pain: presence of pain (slight or moderate) at 1 year compared with conservative intervention (very low certainty).

• Surgical versus conservative interventions for treating acromioclavicular dislocation of the shoulder in adults 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.32 [0.54, 3.19]
  1 study · 79 participants
  Very low

Surgical interventions (exploration and decompression / external neurolysis, internal neurolysis, neurorrhaphy / direct repair, neuroma excision, anastomosis, autologous or allograft nerve grafting or tubulization) vs conservative interventions

It is very uncertain whether surgical intervention changes treatment failure (usually requiring a subsequent operation) at 1 year compared with conservative intervention (very low certainty).

• Surgical versus conservative interventions for treating acromioclavicular dislocation of the shoulder in adults 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.99 [0.51, 1.94]
  6 studies · 342 participants
  Very low

Surgical interventions (exploration and decompression / external neurolysis, internal neurolysis, neurorrhaphy / direct repair, neuroma excision, anastomosis, autologous or allograft nerve grafting or tubulization) vs conservative interventions

Surgical intervention showed no clear difference in number of participants to return to work/sport ‐ at 1 year compared with conservative intervention (low certainty).

• Surgical versus conservative interventions for treating acromioclavicular dislocation of the shoulder in adults 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.96 [0.85, 1.1]
  2 studies · 137 participants
  Low

Surgical interventions (exploration and decompression / external neurolysis, internal neurolysis, neurorrhaphy / direct repair, neuroma excision, anastomosis, autologous or allograft nerve grafting or tubulization) vs conservative interventions

• Surgical versus conservative interventions for treating acromioclavicular dislocation of the shoulder in adults 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 122 participants
  Low

Surgical interventions (exploration and decompression / external neurolysis, internal neurolysis, neurorrhaphy / direct repair, neuroma excision, anastomosis, autologous or allograft nerve grafting or tubulization) vs conservative interventions

It is very uncertain whether surgical intervention changes participants with adverse events at 1 year compared with conservative intervention (very low certainty).

• Surgical versus conservative interventions for treating acromioclavicular dislocation of the shoulder in adults 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.82 [1.65, 4.82]
  6 studies · 342 participants
  Very low

Surgical interventions (exploration and decompression / external neurolysis, internal neurolysis, neurorrhaphy / direct repair, neuroma excision, anastomosis, autologous or allograft nerve grafting or tubulization) vs conservative interventions

It is very uncertain whether surgical intervention changes patient dissatisfaction with the cosmetic result at 1 yearh compared with conservative intervention (very low certainty).

• Surgical versus conservative interventions for treating acromioclavicular dislocation of the shoulder in adults 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.34 [0.07, 1.62]
  1 study · 70 participants
  Very low

Surgical interventions (exploration and decompression / external neurolysis, internal neurolysis, neurorrhaphy / direct repair, neuroma excision, anastomosis, autologous or allograft nerve grafting or tubulization) vs non‐surgical treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Surgical interventions for symptomatic mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found