Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

123 questions · 129 findings · 14 reviews · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 23 · 17.8%GRADE not reported 3 · 2.3%Very low 23 · 17.8%Low 60 · 46.5%Moderate 18 · 14%High 2 · 1.6%

Probiotics vs placebo

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: pre‐eclampsia · preventing gestational diabetes

Probiotics leads to higher hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (pre‐eclampsia) compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics administered to pregnant women at risk of preterm birth vs placebo or no intervention

Gestational age (preterm birth < 37 weeks) · preterm infants

Probiotics administered to pregnant women at risk of preterm birth showed no clear difference in preterm birth < 37 weeks' gestation compared with placebo or no intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics administered to pregnant women at risk of preterm birth vs placebo or no intervention

Miscarriage/stillbirth · preterm infants

Probiotics administered to pregnant women at risk of preterm birth showed no clear difference in miscarriage/stillbirth compared with placebo or no intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics administered exclusively after birth in mothers of preterm infants vs placebo or no intervention

Necrotising enterocolitis · preterm infants

Probiotics administered exclusively after birth in mothers of… showed no clear difference in any necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) compared with maternal placebo or no intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics administered exclusively after birth in mothers of preterm infants vs placebo or no intervention

Mortality before hospital discharge · preterm infants

Probiotics administered exclusively after birth in mothers of… showed no clear difference in death prior to hospital discharge compared with maternal placebo or no intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics administered exclusively after birth in mothers of preterm infants vs placebo or no intervention

Death or NEC · preterm infants

Probiotics administered exclusively after birth in mothers of… showed no clear difference in death or NEC compared with maternal placebo or no intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics administered exclusively after birth in mothers of preterm infants vs placebo or no intervention

NEC‐related surgery during study period · preterm infants

Probiotics administered exclusively after birth in mothers of… showed no clear difference in surgery for NEC compared with maternal placebo or no intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics administered exclusively after birth in mothers of preterm infants vs placebo or no intervention

Neonatal sepsis · preterm infants

Probiotics administered exclusively after birth in mothers of… showed no clear difference in neonatal sepsis compared with maternal placebo or no intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review