NEC‐related surgery during study period · preterm infants
Probiotics administered exclusively after birth in mothers of… showed no clear difference in surgery for NEC compared with maternal placebo or no intervention (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Neonatal sepsis · preterm infants
Probiotics administered exclusively after birth in mothers of… showed no clear difference in neonatal sepsis compared with maternal placebo or no intervention (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Culture‐proven sepsis with probiotic organism · preterm infants
1 finding from 1 review
Feeding with more than 50% breast milk (days) · preterm infants
1 finding from 1 review
Dental caries in children · Adolescents (12-18 years) without background systemic disease
In a subgroup analysis, probiotics reduced the number of caries in adolescents (MD -0.60, 95%CI -0.92 to -0.28; p-interaction=0.02); not GRADE-rated.
1 finding from 1 review
Gingival index (GI) · Children and/or adolescents (<18 years) without background systemic disease
Probiotics probably make little to no difference to the gingival index versus control (MD 0.04, 95%CI -0.18 to 0.27; low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Lactobacillus count (CFU/mL) · Children and/or adolescents (<18 years) without background systemic disease
Probiotics may make little to no difference to Lactobacillus count versus control (MD -0.78 CFU/mL, 95%CI -1.65 to 0.09; very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Salivary pH · Children and/or adolescents (<18 years) without background systemic disease
Probiotics may make little to no difference to salivary pH versus control (MD -0.12 pH units, 95%CI -0.72 to 0.48; very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Dental caries in children · Children and/or adolescents (<18 years) without background systemic disease
Probiotics probably make little to no difference to the number of dental caries versus control (MD -0.24 carious pieces, 95%CI -0.72 to 0.23; low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Streptococcus mutans count · Children and/or adolescents (<18 years) without background systemic disease
Probiotics probably reduce Streptococcus mutans count versus control (MD -0.40 CFU/mL, 95%CI -0.57 to -0.24; moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Gingival bleeding (various bleeding indices) · Children and/or adolescents (<18 years) without background systemic disease
Only one trial (Borrell 2021) reported the bleeding index, showing slightly more bleeding with probiotics (MD 0.10, 95%CI 0.02 to 0.18); not pooled or GRADE-rated.
1 finding from 1 review
Plaque index (PI) / oral hygiene · Children and/or adolescents (<18 years) without background systemic disease
Probiotics may make little to no difference to the bacterial plaque index versus control (MD 0.21, 95%CI -0.55 to 0.96; very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Streptococcus viridans count (CFU/mL) · Children and/or adolescents (<18 years) without background systemic disease
Only one trial (Mishra 2014) reported S. viridans count, showing a higher count with probiotics (MD 0.40 CFU/mL, 95%CI 0.33 to 0.47); not pooled or GRADE-rated.
1 finding from 1 review
Treatment success as defined by the authors · children (4 to 18 years) with functional abdominal pain disorders
Probiotic may leads to higher treatment success (at study end, as reported by study authors) compared with placebo (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Pain resolution · children (4 to 18 years) with functional abdominal pain disorders
It is very uncertain whether probiotic changes complete resolution of pain (at study end, as reported by study… compared with placebo (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Severity of pain (at study end, using the Faces Pain Scale) · children (4 to 18 years) with functional abdominal pain disorders
It is very uncertain whether probiotic changes severity of pain (at study end, using the Faces Pain Scale) compared with placebo (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Pain frequency or change in pain frequency · children (4 to 18 years) with functional abdominal pain disorders
It is very uncertain whether probiotic changes frequency of pain (at study end, episodes per week) compared with placebo (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Withdrawals due to adverse events · children (4 to 18 years) with functional abdominal pain disorders
It is very uncertain whether probiotic changes withdrawals due to adverse events compared with placebo (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Serious adverse events · children (4 to 18 years) with functional abdominal pain disorders
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse events (any) · children (4 to 18 years) with functional abdominal pain disorders
It is very uncertain whether probiotic changes adverse events (any) compared with placebo (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review