Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

30 questions · 60 findings · 2 reviews · Oral Health

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Periodontitis vs No periodontitis (periodontal health or gingivitis)

Dental caries prevalence · adults

With a non-standard periodontitis definition, the association persisted (OR 1.38).

12 findings from 1 review

Association between periodontitis and dental caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024 All outcomes
Population-based and clinical dental study samples; multiple countries (1994-2022) · Non-standard periodontitis definition
OR 1.38 [1.07, 1.79]
2 studies
GRADE not reported
Association between periodontitis and dental caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024 All outcomes
Population-based and clinical dental study samples; multiple countries (1994-2022) · Adjusted OR
OR 1.28 [0.85, 1.93]
2 studies
GRADE not reported
Association between periodontitis and dental caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024 All outcomes
Population-based and clinical dental study samples; multiple countries (1994-2022) · Standard periodontitis definition
OR 1.62 [1.20, 2.18]
8 studies
GRADE not reported

Show 9 more findings

Association between periodontitis and dental caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024 All outcomes
Population-based and clinical dental study samples; multiple countries (1994-2022) · Age 30-64 years
OR 1.67 [1.37, 2.03]
3 studies
GRADE not reported
Association between periodontitis and dental caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024 All outcomes
Population-based and clinical dental study samples; multiple countries (1994-2022) · Crude OR
OR 1.69 [1.41, 2.01]
8 studies
GRADE not reported
Association between periodontitis and dental caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024 All outcomes
Population-based and clinical dental study samples; multiple countries (1994-2022) · Female
OR 1.36 [0.74, 2.49]
2 studies
GRADE not reported
Association between periodontitis and dental caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024 All outcomes
Population-based and clinical dental study samples; multiple countries (1994-2022) · Overall
OR 1.57 [1.20, 2.07]
10 studies
GRADE not reported
Association between periodontitis and dental caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024 All outcomes
Population-based and clinical dental study samples; multiple countries (1994-2022) · Male
OR 1.48 [1.26, 1.74]
2 studies
GRADE not reported
Association between periodontitis and dental caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024 All outcomes
Population-based and clinical dental study samples; multiple countries (1994-2022) · Severe periodontitis
OR 2.14 [1.74, 2.64]
7 studies
GRADE not reported
Association between periodontitis and dental caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024 All outcomes
Population-based and clinical dental study samples; multiple countries (1994-2022) · Age 65 to over 75 years
OR 1.69 [1.44, 1.98]
2 studies
GRADE not reported
Association between periodontitis and dental caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024 All outcomes
Population-based and clinical dental study samples; multiple countries (1994-2022) · Moderate periodontitis
OR 1.38 [1.15, 1.66]
7 studies
GRADE not reported
Association between periodontitis and dental caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024 All outcomes
Population-based and clinical dental study samples; multiple countries (1994-2022) · Mild periodontitis
OR 1.65 [0.45, 6.05]
1 study
GRADE not reported

Periodontitis vs No periodontitis (periodontal health or gingivitis)

Dental caries: prevalence of root caries · adults

Periodontitis was associated with higher root caries odds (OR 2.10).

1 finding from 1 review

Association between periodontitis and dental caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024 All outcomes
Population-based and clinical dental study samples; multiple countries (1994-2022) · Root caries
OR 2.10 [1.03, 4.29]
4 studies
GRADE not reported

Periodontitis vs No periodontitis (periodontal health or gingivitis)

Mixed-type caries (crown and root) · adults

One study reported markedly higher mixed-type caries odds with periodontitis (OR 3.40).

1 finding from 1 review

Association between periodontitis and dental caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024 All outcomes
Population-based and clinical dental study samples; multiple countries (1994-2022) · Mixed-type caries
OR 3.40 [3.10, 3.73]
1 study
GRADE not reported

Periodontitis vs No periodontitis (periodontal health or gingivitis)

Crown caries · adults

Periodontitis was associated with a small increase in crown caries odds (OR 1.03).

1 finding from 1 review

Association between periodontitis and dental caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024 All outcomes
Population-based and clinical dental study samples; multiple countries (1994-2022) · Crown caries
OR 1.03 [1.01, 1.05]
3 studies
GRADE not reported

Periodontitis vs No periodontitis (periodontal health or gingivitis)

Mean DMFT (decayed, missing, filled teeth) · adults

Patients with periodontitis had a non-significantly higher mean DMFT (WMD 0.87).

1 finding from 1 review

Association between periodontitis and dental caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024 All outcomes
Population-based and clinical dental study samples; multiple countries (1994-2022) · Overall
WMD 0.87 [-0.03, 1.76]
4 studies
GRADE not reported

Periodontitis vs No periodontitis (periodontal health or gingivitis)

High salivary P. gingivalis (over 10^4 CFU/ml) · adults

Periodontitis was associated with higher odds of detectable high-level salivary P. gingivalis (OR 3.38).

1 finding from 1 review

Association between periodontitis and dental caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024 All outcomes
Salivary/plaque microbiology samples from case-control studies · Overall
OR 3.38 [1.46, 7.83]
2 studies
GRADE not reported

Periodontitis vs No periodontitis (periodontal health or gingivitis)

High salivary S. mutans (over 10^4 CFU/ml) · adults

Salivary S. mutans showed a non-significant declining trend with periodontitis (OR 0.82).

1 finding from 1 review

Association between periodontitis and dental caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024 All outcomes
Salivary/plaque microbiology samples from case-control studies · Overall
OR 0.82 [0.44, 1.51]
2 studies
GRADE not reported

Periodontitis vs No periodontitis (periodontal health or gingivitis)

Mean DFR (decayed, filled root teeth) · adults

Patients with periodontitis had a significantly higher mean DFR (WMD 1.13).

1 finding from 1 review

Association between periodontitis and dental caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024 All outcomes
Population-based and clinical dental study samples; multiple countries (1994-2022) · Overall
WMD 1.13 [0.48, 1.78]
4 studies
GRADE not reported

Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability

Lumbar spine and pelvis fracture · European GWAS participants

The SVMR Weighted Median interval included the null.

3 findings from 1 review

From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Summary-level GWAS · SVMR Weighted Median
OR 1.058 [0.966, 1.158]
490700 participants
GRADE not reported
From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Summary-level GWAS · SVMR MR-Egger
OR 1.036 [0.956, 1.122]
490700 participants
GRADE not reported
From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Summary-level GWAS · SVMR Maximum Likelihood
OR 1.055 [0.983, 1.132]
490700 participants
GRADE not reported

Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability

Osteoporosis · European GWAS participants

The SVMR MR-Egger interval included the null.

4 findings from 1 review

From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Summary-level GWAS · SVMR MR-Egger
OR 1.001 [0.918, 1.093]
483725 participants
GRADE not reported
From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Summary-level GWAS · SVMR Maximum Likelihood
OR 0.998 [0.934, 1.067]
483725 participants
GRADE not reported
From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Summary-level GWAS · SVMR Weighted Median
OR 1.002 [0.925, 1.086]
483725 participants
GRADE not reported

Show 1 more finding

From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Summary-level GWAS · SVMR IVW
OR 0.998 [0.933, 1.067]
483725 participants
GRADE not reported

Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability

Osteoporosis with pathological fracture · European GWAS participants

The SVMR Weighted Median interval included the null.

3 findings from 1 review

From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Summary-level GWAS · SVMR Weighted Median
OR 0.985 [0.846, 1.146]
376746 participants
GRADE not reported
From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Summary-level GWAS · SVMR Maximum Likelihood
OR 1.003 [0.874, 1.151]
376746 participants
GRADE not reported
From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Summary-level GWAS · SVMR MR-Egger
OR 0.953 [0.813, 1.117]
376746 participants
GRADE not reported

Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability

Forearm fracture · European GWAS participants

The SVMR Weighted Median interval included the null.

3 findings from 1 review

From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Summary-level GWAS · SVMR Weighted Median
OR 0.992 [0.945, 1.042]
490889 participants
GRADE not reported
From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Summary-level GWAS · SVMR MR-Egger
OR 0.994 [0.948, 1.042]
490889 participants
GRADE not reported
From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Summary-level GWAS · SVMR Maximum Likelihood
OR 0.990 [0.950, 1.032]
490889 participants
GRADE not reported

Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability, adjusted for DMFS

Lumbar spine and pelvis fracture · European GWAS participants

The MVMR MR-Egger interval included the null.

1 finding from 1 review

From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Summary-level GWAS · MVMR MR-Egger
OR 1.062 [0.991, 1.137]
490700 participants
GRADE not reported

Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability

Osteoporosis with pathological fracture · European-ancestry adults

Genetically predicted periodontitis had no causal effect on osteoporosis with pathological fracture (single-variable MR, OR 1.003).

2 findings from 1 review

From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Lifelong genetic liability · European-ancestry population (two-sample MR: GLIDE exposures; FinnGen osteoporosis/fractures; GeFOS BMD) · SVMR (IVW), total causal effect
OR 1.003 [0.875, 1.150]
376746 participants
GRADE not reported
From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Lifelong genetic liability · European-ancestry population (two-sample MR: GLIDE exposures; FinnGen osteoporosis/fractures; GeFOS BMD) · MVMR (IVW), adjusted for DMFS
OR 1.003 [0.546, 1.842]
376746 participants
GRADE not reported

Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability, adjusted for DMFS

Lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) · European GWAS participants

The MVMR IVW interval included zero.

1 finding from 1 review

From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Summary-level GWAS · MVMR IVW
BETA 0.047 [-0.002, 0.096]
28498 participants
GRADE not reported

Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability

Lumbar spine and pelvis fracture · European-ancestry adults

Genetically predicted periodontitis had no causal effect on fracture of lumbar spine and pelvis (multivariable MR, OR 1.060).

2 findings from 1 review

From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Lifelong genetic liability · European-ancestry population (two-sample MR: GLIDE exposures; FinnGen osteoporosis/fractures; GeFOS BMD) · MVMR (IVW), adjusted for DMFS
OR 1.060 [0.989, 1.135]
490700 participants
GRADE not reported
From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Lifelong genetic liability · European-ancestry population (two-sample MR: GLIDE exposures; FinnGen osteoporosis/fractures; GeFOS BMD) · SVMR (IVW), total causal effect
OR 1.055 [0.984, 1.130]
490700 participants
GRADE not reported

Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability, adjusted for DMFS

Forearm fracture · European GWAS participants

The MVMR MR-Egger interval included the null.

1 finding from 1 review

From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Summary-level GWAS · MVMR MR-Egger
OR 0.992 [0.950, 1.036]
490889 participants
GRADE not reported

Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability

Femoral neck bone mineral density (FN-BMD) · European-ancestry adults

Genetically predicted periodontitis had no causal effect on femoral neck BMD.

1 finding from 1 review

From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Lifelong genetic liability · European-ancestry population (two-sample MR: GLIDE exposures; FinnGen osteoporosis/fractures; GeFOS BMD) · SVMR and MVMR (IVW)
No causal effect of oral diseases on FN-BMD was found (SVMR and MVMR); no numeric estimate reported in text (see Fig. 3).
32735 participants
GRADE not reported

Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability

Femur fracture · European-ancestry adults

Genetically predicted periodontitis had no causal effect on fracture of femur (multivariable MR, OR 1.034).

2 findings from 1 review

From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Lifelong genetic liability · European-ancestry population (two-sample MR: GLIDE exposures; FinnGen osteoporosis/fractures; GeFOS BMD) · MVMR (IVW), adjusted for DMFS
OR 1.034 [0.963, 1.109]
489106 participants
GRADE not reported
From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Lifelong genetic liability · European-ancestry population (two-sample MR: GLIDE exposures; FinnGen osteoporosis/fractures; GeFOS BMD) · SVMR (IVW), total causal effect
OR 1.044 [0.982, 1.110]
489106 participants
GRADE not reported

Genetically predicted periodontitis vs Lower genetically predicted periodontitis liability

Osteoporosis · European-ancestry adults

Genetically predicted periodontitis had no causal effect on osteoporosis (multivariable MR, OR 1.000).

2 findings from 1 review

From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Lifelong genetic liability · European-ancestry population (two-sample MR: GLIDE exposures; FinnGen osteoporosis/fractures; GeFOS BMD) · MVMR (IVW), adjusted for DMFS
OR 1.000 [0.937, 1.067]
483725 participants
GRADE not reported
From teeth to bone: dental caries has causal effects on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. 2025 All outcomes
Lifelong genetic liability · European-ancestry population (two-sample MR: GLIDE exposures; FinnGen osteoporosis/fractures; GeFOS BMD) · SVMR (IVW), total causal effect
OR 0.998 [0.933, 1.067]
483725 participants
GRADE not reported