Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

1,809 questions · 1,956 findings · 194 reviews

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No studies found 422 · 21.6%GRADE not reported 427 · 21.8%Very low 353 · 18%Low 397 · 20.3%Moderate 293 · 15%High 64 · 3.3%

Oral phenylbutyrate vs placebo

Time from beginning of treatment until death or full‐time ventilation · children with SMA type II

1 finding from 1 review

Drug treatment for spinal muscular atrophy types II and III 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 107 participants
Low

Oral phenylbutyrate vs placebo

Adverse events related to treatment · children with SMA type II

Oral phenylbutyrate probably leads to higher adverse events related to treatment compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Drug treatment for spinal muscular atrophy types II and III 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 3.1 [1.25, 7.84]
1 study · 107 participants
Moderate

Oral health education only (verbal, written, or audio-visual education) delivered by non-dental health workers vs control (no intervention/usual care/isotonic exercise)

Caries experience · Children (mean age newborn to ~5.2 years) and their parents/carers

Oral-health-education-only interventions showed at most a marginal effect on tooth-level caries (dmft SMD -0.11, 95% CI -0.21 to -0.00; 2 studies; not GRADE-rated).

1 finding from 1 review

The effectiveness of behaviour change interventions delivered by non-dental health workers in promoting children's… 2022 All outcomes
Primary care and community settings; interventions delivered by non-dental health workers (multiple countries: Australia, Brazil, Canada, India, UK, USA, etc.) · Oral health education only (vs comprehensive intervention)
SMD -0.11 [-0.21, 0.00]
2 studies
GRADE not reported

Oral health education only (verbal, written, or audio-visual education) delivered by non-dental health workers vs control (no intervention/usual care/isotonic exercise)

Caries experience at the surface level (dmfs/defs) · Children (mean age newborn to ~5.2 years) and their parents/carers

Oral-health-education-only interventions did not show a statistically significant effect on surface-level caries (dmfs SMD -0.20, 95% CI -0.43 to 0.03; 2 studies; not GRADE-rated).

1 finding from 1 review

The effectiveness of behaviour change interventions delivered by non-dental health workers in promoting children's… 2022 All outcomes
Primary care and community settings; interventions delivered by non-dental health workers (multiple countries: Australia, Brazil, Canada, India, UK, USA, etc.) · Oral health education only (vs comprehensive intervention)
SMD -0.20 [-0.43, 0.03]
2 studies
GRADE not reported

Oral ergot alkaloids vs no uterotonic agents

Mean blood loss (mL) visual estimation · women in the third stage of labour

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic use of ergot alkaloids in the third stage of labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 289 participants
Low

Oral ergot alkaloids vs no uterotonic agents

Maternal blood loss of 500 mL or greater · women in the third stage of labour

Oral ergot alkaloids showed no clear difference in estimated or measured blood loss of at least 500 mL visual estimation compared with no uterotonic agents (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic use of ergot alkaloids in the third stage of labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.96 [0.72, 1.29]
1 study · 289 participants
Low

Oral ergot alkaloids vs no uterotonic agents

Severe PPH (≥ 1000 mL) · women in the third stage of labour

Oral ergot alkaloids showed no clear difference in estimated or measured blood loss of at least 1000 mL visual estimation compared with no uterotonic agents (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic use of ergot alkaloids in the third stage of labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.73 [0.36, 1.5]
1 study · 289 participants
Low

Oral ergot alkaloids vs no uterotonic agents

Haemoglobin (g/dL) · women in the third stage of labour

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic use of ergot alkaloids in the third stage of labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Oral ergot alkaloids vs no uterotonic agents

Use of therapeutic uterotonics · women in the third stage of labour

Oral ergot alkaloids showed no clear difference in use of therapeutic uterotonics compared with no uterotonic agents (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic use of ergot alkaloids in the third stage of labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.79 [0.47, 1.34]
1 study · 289 participants
Low

Oral ergot alkaloids vs no uterotonic agents

Elevation of blood pressure · women in the third stage of labour

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic use of ergot alkaloids in the third stage of labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Oral ergot alkaloids vs no uterotonic agents

Pain after birth requiring analgesia (not prespecified) · women in the third stage of labour

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic use of ergot alkaloids in the third stage of labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Oral corticosteroids vs placebo or NSAID

Proportion of patients with resolution or improved symptoms at days 3 to 7 · patients with acute sinusitis

Oral corticosteroids probably leads to higher proportion of patients with resolution or improved symptoms at days… compared with placebo or NSAID (moderate certainty).

3 findings from 1 review

Systemic corticosteroids for acute sinusitis 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.33 [1.09, 1.62]
5 studies · 1043 participants
Moderate
Systemic corticosteroids for acute sinusitis 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.4 [1.08, 1.81]
4 studies · 869 participants
Low
Systemic corticosteroids for acute sinusitis 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.12 [0.87, 1.44]
1 study · 174 participants
Moderate

Oral corticosteroids vs placebo or NSAID

Proportion of patients with resolution or improved symptoms at days 4 to 14 · patients with acute sinusitis

Oral corticosteroids probably leads to higher proportion of patients with resolution or improved symptoms at days… compared with placebo or NSAID (moderate certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Systemic corticosteroids for acute sinusitis 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.23 [1.02, 1.49]
5 studies · 1116 participants
Moderate
Systemic corticosteroids for acute sinusitis 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.99 [0.85, 1.16]
1 study · 171 participants
Moderate

Oral corticosteroids vs placebo or NSAID

Proportion of patients with resolution or improved symptoms at days 4 to 14 ‐ Co‐treatment with antibiotics · patients with acute sinusitis

Oral corticosteroids may leads to higher proportion of patients with resolution or improved symptoms at days… compared with placebo or NSAID (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic corticosteroids for acute sinusitis 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.32 [1.04, 1.68]
4 studies · 945 participants
Low

Oral corticosteroids vs placebo or NSAID

Adverse events · patients with acute sinusitis

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic corticosteroids for acute sinusitis 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 1193 participants
Moderate

Oral Isoniazid (INH) vs no intervention

Clinical failure clinical observation · patients with BCG adverse reactions1

It is very uncertain whether oral Isoniazid (INH) changes clinical failure clinical observation compared with no intervention (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Treating BCG‐induced disease in children 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.48 [0.79, 2.78]
2 studies · 54 participants
Very low

Psychological intervention based on a specified psychological model/theory (to increase adherence to oral hygiene instructions) vs usual care or no treatment

Observed flossing skill · Adults (aged 18 or over) diagnosed with periodontal disease (gingivitis or periodontitis)

1 finding from 1 review

Psychological interventions to improve adherence to oral hygiene instructions in adults with periodontal diseases 2007 · Cochrane All outcomes
4 months
Little 1997 observed and rated participants on flossing skill; Analysis of Covariance found a significant difference favouring the intervention group.
1 study · 107 participants
GRADE not reported

Psychological intervention based on a specified psychological model/theory (to increase adherence to oral hygiene instructions) vs usual care or no treatment

Plaque · Adults (aged 18 or over) diagnosed with periodontal disease (gingivitis or periodontitis)

1 finding from 1 review

Psychological interventions to improve adherence to oral hygiene instructions in adults with periodontal diseases 2007 · Cochrane All outcomes
The impact of psychological interventions on clinical markers was assessed in three studies (Little 1997; Stewart 1991; Weinstein 1996). All three found that psychological interventions resulted in improved plaque…
3 studies
GRADE not reported

Psychological intervention based on a specified psychological model/theory (to increase adherence to oral hygiene instructions) vs usual care or no treatment

Self-efficacy beliefs (flossing) · Adults (aged 18 or over) diagnosed with periodontal disease (gingivitis or periodontitis)

1 finding from 1 review

Psychological interventions to improve adherence to oral hygiene instructions in adults with periodontal diseases 2007 · Cochrane All outcomes
Stewart 1996: the psychological intervention group demonstrated significantly higher change in self efficacy scores for flossing at post-intervention compared to the other two groups (control and educational). Flossing…
1 study · 117 participants
GRADE not reported

Psychological intervention based on a specified psychological model/theory (to increase adherence to oral hygiene instructions) vs attention control

Plaque · Adults (aged 18 or over) diagnosed with periodontal disease (gingivitis or periodontitis)

1 finding from 1 review

Psychological interventions to improve adherence to oral hygiene instructions in adults with periodontal diseases 2007 · Cochrane All outcomes
Weinstein 1996 reported that the psychological intervention led to improvements in plaque score greater than that noted in the attention control group; however the sample size in each arm was very small (n=5) and the…
2 studies
GRADE not reported