Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

81 questions · 92 findings · 8 reviews

No studies found 29 · 31.5%GRADE not reported 1 · 1.1%Very low 27 · 29.3%Low 22 · 23.9%Moderate 10 · 10.9%High 3 · 3.3%

Opioids vs oral sweet solution or non‐pharmacological intervention

Pain, assessed using the CRIES pain scale, ranging from 0 to 10, during the procedure— opioids versus facilitated tucking · procedural pain in neonates
2 findings from 1 review

Opioids vs no opioids

Supplementary analgesic option offered (primary outcome 2) · participants with acute pancreatitis pain

Opioids may leads to lower supplementary analgesic option offered (primary outcome 2) compared with no opioids (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids vs no opioids

Pancreatitis complications (secondary outcome 1) · participants with acute pancreatitis pain

Opioids showed no clear difference in pancreatitis complications (secondary outcome 1) compared with no opioids (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids vs no opioids

Adverse drug events · participants with acute pancreatitis pain

Opioids showed no clear difference in any drug‐related adverse event (secondary outcome 2) compared with no opioids (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids vs no opioids

Nausea and vomiting · participants with acute pancreatitis pain

Opioids showed no clear difference in nausea and vomiting (secondary outcome 2) compared with no opioids (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids vs no opioids

Sedation and somnolence (secondary outcome 2) · participants with acute pancreatitis pain

Opioids showed no clear difference in sedation and somnolence (secondary outcome 2) compared with no opioids (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids vs no opioids

Death from any cause (secondary outcome 3) · participants with acute pancreatitis pain

It is very uncertain whether opioids changes death from any cause (secondary outcome 3) compared with no opioids (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids vs no treatment/placebo

Pain (PIPP) · procedural pain in neonates
3 findings from 1 review

Opioids vs other analgesics

Episodes of apnea · procedural pain in neonates

It is very uncertain whether opioids changes episodes of apnea—during the procedure compared with other analgesics (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids vs other analgesics

Episodes of apnea—after the procedure · procedural pain in neonates

It is very uncertain whether opioids changes episodes of apnea—after the procedure compared with other analgesics (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review