Acute postoperative pain 0 to 6 hours (Score 0 to 10, VAS or NRS Scale) · adults undergoing surgery
1 finding from 1 review
Respiratory depression (defined as SaO2 < 92%; yes/no during the postoperative period) · adults undergoing surgery
1 finding from 1 review
Late acute postoperative pain (24‐48 hours postoperatively using a validated pain scale: 0, no pain to 10, maximum pain) · adults undergoing surgery
1 finding from 1 review
Acute postoperative pain 0 to 6 hours (Score 0 to 10, VAS or NRS Scale) · adults undergoing dental surgery
1 finding from 1 review
Respiratory depression (defined as SaO2 < 92%; yes/no during the postoperative period) · adults undergoing dental surgery
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Late acute postoperative pain (24‐48 hours postoperatively using a validated pain scale: 0, no pain to 10, maximum pain) · adults undergoing dental surgery
1 finding from 1 review
Intraoperative bradycardia (yes/no) · adults undergoing dental surgery
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Intraoperative hypotension (yes/no) · adults undergoing dental surgery
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Mean pain intensity (Numeric Rating Scale 0–10) · adults with chronic low‐back pain
1 finding from 1 review
Disability (higher ratings mean greater disability). Various instruments were used, e.g. in Oswestry Disability Index > 6 months' post operative 0% (no disability) to 100% (bedridden) · adults with chronic low‐back pain
1 finding from 1 review
At least 30% reduction in pain · adults with chronic low‐back pain
Strong opioids probably leads to higher at least 30% of pain relief or moderate relief compared with placebo (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
At least 50% reduction in pain · adults with chronic low‐back pain
It is very uncertain whether strong opioids changes at least 50% of pain relief compared with placebo (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Somnolence · adults with chronic low‐back pain
It is very uncertain whether strong opioids changes side effects ‐ Somnolence compared with placebo (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Nausea · adults with chronic low‐back pain
Strong opioids showed no clear difference in side effects ‐ Nausea compared with placebo (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Constipation · adults with chronic low‐back pain
It is very uncertain whether strong opioids changes side effects ‐ Constipation compared with placebo (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · Patients with osteoarthritis of the knee or hip
Oral or transdermal opioids showed no clear difference in pain intensity Various pain scales. (median compared with placebo (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Function Various validated function scales. · Patients with osteoarthritis of the knee or hip
Oral or transdermal opioids showed no clear difference in function Various validated function scales. (median compared with placebo (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse events as N of participants with at least one adverse event objective · Patients with osteoarthritis of the knee or hip
Oral or transdermal opioids probably leads to higher number of participants experiencing any adverse event (median compared with placebo (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Number of patients who withdrew because of adverse events · Patients with osteoarthritis of the knee or hip
Oral or transdermal opioids leads to higher number of participants who withdrew because of adverse events (median compared with placebo (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Number of participants experiencing any serious adverse events · Patients with osteoarthritis of the knee or hip
Oral or transdermal opioids showed no clear difference in number of participants experiencing any serious adverse event (median compared with placebo (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review