Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

81 questions · 92 findings · 8 reviews

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No studies found 29 · 31.5%GRADE not reported 1 · 1.1%Very low 27 · 29.3%Low 22 · 23.9%Moderate 10 · 10.9%High 3 · 3.3%

Opioids vs other analgesics

Episodes of bradycardia · procedural pain in neonates

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Opioids vs other analgesics

Hypotension · procedural pain in neonates

It is very uncertain whether opioids changes hypotension compared with other analgesics (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.34 [0.32, 5.59]
3 studies · 204 participants
Very low

Opioids vs other analgesics

Parent satisfaction with care provided in the NICU—not reported · procedural pain in neonates

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Opioids vs no treatment/placebo

Pain, assessed using the DAN pain scale, ranging from 0 to 21, 1 to 2 hours after procedure · procedural pain in neonates

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 42 participants
Low

Opioids vs no treatment/placebo

Pain, assessed using the CRIES pain scale, ranging from 0 to 10, during the procedure— opioids versus facilitated tucking · procedural pain in neonates

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 102 participants
Low

Opioids vs no treatment/placebo

Any harms ‐ severe apnea requiring resuscitation · procedural pain in neonates

It is very uncertain whether opioids changes any harms ‐ severe apnea requiring resuscitation compared with no treatment/placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 7.44 [0.42, 132.95]
1 study · 31 participants
Very low

Opioids vs no treatment/placebo

Episodes of bradycardia · procedural pain in neonates

It is very uncertain whether opioids changes episodes of bradycardia compared with no treatment/placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 3.19 [0.14, 72.69]
3 studies · 172 participants
Very low

Opioids vs no treatment/placebo

Episodes of apnea · procedural pain in neonates

Opioids may leads to higher episodes of apnea compared with no treatment/placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 3.15 [1.08, 9.16]
3 studies · 199 participants
Low

Opioids vs no treatment/placebo

Hypotension · procedural pain in neonates

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 88 participants
Very low

Opioids vs placebo or no treatment

Pain (PIPP) · neonates with mechanical ventilation

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 963 participants
Very low

Opioids vs other analgesics and sedatives

Neonatal mortality · neonates with mechanical ventilation

It is very uncertain whether opioids changes neonatal mortality compared with other analgesics and sedatives (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.31 [0.01, 7.16]
1 study · 46 participants
Very low

Opioids vs other analgesics and sedatives

Mortality before hospital discharge · neonates with mechanical ventilation

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Opioids vs other analgesics and sedatives

Neurodevelopmental outcomes · neonates with mechanical ventilation

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

3 findings from 1 review

Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Opioids vs placebo or no treatment

Duration of mechanical ventilation · neonates with mechanical ventilation

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 1259 participants
Moderate

Opioids vs placebo or no treatment

Neonatal mortality · neonates with mechanical ventilation

Opioids showed no clear difference in neonatal mortality compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.12 [0.8, 1.55]
5 studies · 1189 participants
Moderate

Opioids vs placebo or no treatment

Mortality before hospital discharge · neonates with mechanical ventilation

Opioids showed no clear difference in mortality to discharge compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.99 [0.52, 1.88]
4 studies · 178 participants
Low

Opioids vs placebo or no treatment

Neurodevelopmental outcomes · neonates with mechanical ventilation

It is very uncertain whether opioids changes neurodevelopmental outcomes (18 to 24 months) compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

3 findings from 1 review

Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2 [0.39, 10.29]
1 study · 78 participants
Very low
Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.6 [0.56, 4.56]
1 study · 95 participants
Very low

Opioids vs other analgesics and sedatives

Pain (PIPP) · neonates with mechanical ventilation

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 46 participants
Very low

Opioids vs other analgesics and sedatives

Duration of mechanical ventilation · neonates with mechanical ventilation

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 46 participants
Very low

Opioids vs placebo

RLS symptoms · RLS

2 findings from 1 review

Opioids for restless legs syndrome 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 270 participants
Low
Opioids for restless legs syndrome 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 276 participants
Low