What do systematic reviews say?

All diet and/or exercise interventions vs (Optimised) usual care

All diet and/or exercise interventions showed no clear difference in caesarean delivery compared with standard/other care (high certainty).

• Diet or exercise, or both, for preventing excessive weight gain in pregnancy 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.95 [0.88, 1.03]
  28 studies · 7534 participants
  High

All diet and/or exercise interventions vs (Optimised) usual care

All diet and/or exercise interventions showed no clear difference in macrosomia Infant birthweight > 4000 g compared with standard/other care (high certainty).

• Diet or exercise, or both, for preventing excessive weight gain in pregnancy 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.93 [0.86, 1.02]
  27 studies · 8598 participants
  High

Dietary fibre (all study interventions) vs control

Dietary fibre (all study interventions) showed no clear difference in number of participantswith at least one recurrent adenoma compared with control (low certainty).

• Dietary fibre for the prevention of recurrent colorectal adenomas and carcinomas 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.04 [0.95, 1.13]
  5 studies · 3641 participants
  Low

Dietary fibre (all study interventions) vs control

Dietary fibre (all study interventions) showed no clear difference in number of participantswith more than one adenoma compared with control (low certainty).

• Dietary fibre for the prevention of recurrent colorectal adenomas and carcinomas 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.06 [0.94, 1.2]
  2 studies · 2542 participants
  Low

Dietary fibre (all study interventions) vs control

Dietary fibre (all study interventions) showed no clear difference in number of participantswith at least one adenoma 1 cm or greater compared with control (low certainty).

• Dietary fibre for the prevention of recurrent colorectal adenomas and carcinomas 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.99 [0.82, 1.2]
  4 studies · 3224 participants
  Low

Dietary fibre (all study interventions) vs control

Dietary fibre (all study interventions) may leads to higher number of participantsdiagnosed with colorectal cancer compared with control (low certainty).

• Dietary fibre for the prevention of recurrent colorectal adenomas and carcinomas 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.7 [1.07, 6.85]
  2 studies · 2794 participants
  Low

Adverse event outcomes for dietary combined with physical activity interventions vs control

• Interventions for preventing obesity in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  20 studies · 24043 participants
  Low

Adverse event outcomes for dietary combined with physical activity interventions vs control

• Interventions for preventing obesity in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  25 studies · 19498 participants
  Low

Adverse event outcomes for dietary combined with physical activity interventions vs control

• Interventions for preventing obesity in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 16543 participants
  Low

Adverse event outcomes for dietary combined with physical activity interventions vs control

• Interventions for preventing obesity in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  8 studies · 16583 participants
  Low

Adverse event outcomes for dietary combined with physical activity interventions vs control

• Interventions for preventing obesity in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  16 studies · 6261 participants
  Moderate

Adverse event outcomes for dietary combined with physical activity interventions vs control

• Interventions for preventing obesity in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  11 studies · 5536 participants
  Moderate

Individually designed, patient-centred preventive programme: dietary counselling (snacking timing, regular meals, fermentable carbohydrates) plus toothbrushing counselling, delivered by trained dental hygienists (a multi-intervention) vs Basic prevention offered as standard in public dental clinics

• One‐to‐one dietary interventions undertaken in a dental setting to change dietary behaviour 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes

  2 to 4 years
  Table 2: 52% (130) versus 53% (131) at follow-up (baseline 41% versus 44%). No significant change.
  1 study · 497 participants
  GRADE not reported

Individually designed, patient-centred preventive programme: dietary counselling (snacking timing, regular meals, fermentable carbohydrates) plus toothbrushing counselling, delivered by trained dental hygienists (a multi-intervention) vs Basic prevention offered as standard in public dental clinics

• One‐to‐one dietary interventions undertaken in a dental setting to change dietary behaviour 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes

  2 to 4 years
  Table 2: 86% (215) intervention versus 83% (205) control at follow-up (baseline 74% versus 77%). No significant change.
  1 study · 497 participants
  GRADE not reported

Individually designed, patient-centred preventive programme: dietary counselling (snacking timing, regular meals, fermentable carbohydrates) plus toothbrushing counselling, delivered by trained dental hygienists (a multi-intervention) vs Basic prevention offered as standard in public dental clinics

• One‐to‐one dietary interventions undertaken in a dental setting to change dietary behaviour 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes

  2 to 4 years
  Table 2: 77% (193) versus 75% (185) at follow-up (baseline 71% versus 69%). No significant change.
  1 study · 497 participants
  GRADE not reported

Individually designed, patient-centred preventive programme: dietary counselling (snacking timing, regular meals, fermentable carbohydrates) plus toothbrushing counselling, delivered by trained dental hygienists (a multi-intervention) vs Basic prevention offered as standard in public dental clinics

• One‐to‐one dietary interventions undertaken in a dental setting to change dietary behaviour 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes

  4 years
  Mean (95% CI) DMFS increment after 4 years: intervention 2.56 (2.07 to 3.05) versus control 4.60 (3.99 to 5.21); significant difference favouring the intervention (P<0.0001; non-overlapping CIs). No between-group point…
  1 study · 497 participants
  GRADE not reported
• One‐to‐one dietary interventions undertaken in a dental setting to change dietary behaviour 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes

  2 years
  Mean (95% CI) DMFS increment after 2 years: intervention 1.86 (1.50 to 2.21) versus control 2.44 (2.12 to 2.77); significant difference favouring the intervention (P<0.05, comparing intervention and control). No…
  1 study · 497 participants
  GRADE not reported

Individually designed, patient-centred preventive programme: dietary counselling (snacking timing, regular meals, fermentable carbohydrates) plus toothbrushing counselling, delivered by trained dental hygienists (a multi-intervention) vs Basic prevention offered as standard in public dental clinics

• One‐to‐one dietary interventions undertaken in a dental setting to change dietary behaviour 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes

  2 to 4 years
  Table 2: 71% (178) versus 68% (168) at follow-up (baseline 69% versus 65%). No significant change.
  1 study · 497 participants
  GRADE not reported

Individually designed, patient-centred preventive programme: dietary counselling (snacking timing, regular meals, fermentable carbohydrates) plus toothbrushing counselling, delivered by trained dental hygienists (a multi-intervention) vs Basic prevention offered as standard in public dental clinics

• One‐to‐one dietary interventions undertaken in a dental setting to change dietary behaviour 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes

  2 to 4 years
  Table 2: 77% (193) versus 81% (200) at follow-up (baseline 83% versus 74%, a significant baseline difference). No significant change at follow-up.
  1 study · 497 participants
  GRADE not reported

Individually designed, patient-centred preventive programme: dietary counselling (snacking timing, regular meals, fermentable carbohydrates) plus toothbrushing counselling, delivered by trained dental hygienists (a multi-intervention) vs Basic prevention offered as standard in public dental clinics

• One‐to‐one dietary interventions undertaken in a dental setting to change dietary behaviour 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes

  2 to 4 years
  Table 2: 87% (218) versus 86% (212) at follow-up (baseline 81% versus 87%). No significant change.
  1 study · 497 participants
  GRADE not reported

Individually designed, patient-centred preventive programme: dietary counselling (snacking timing, regular meals, fermentable carbohydrates) plus toothbrushing counselling, delivered by trained dental hygienists (a multi-intervention) vs Basic prevention offered as standard in public dental clinics

Individually designed, patient-centred preventive programme: dietary… led to higher using xylitol products more than 3 times per day compared with basic prevention offered as standard in public dental clinics; GRADE not reported.

• One‐to‐one dietary interventions undertaken in a dental setting to change dietary behaviour 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes

  2 to 4 years
  RR 1.32 [1.04, 1.68]
  1 study · 497 participants
  GRADE not reported