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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

2,486 questions · 2,727 findings · 268 reviews

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No studies found 600 · 22%GRADE not reported 229 · 8.4%Very low 789 · 28.9%Low 707 · 25.9%Moderate 314 · 11.5%High 88 · 3.2%

Drug and alcohol use only‐focused psychosocial interventions vs control intervention

Frequency of drug use 12 months · Parents who use substances
2 findings from 1 review

Gamified oral health interventions (mobile apps, serious games, augmented reality, game-based education) vs Conventional or traditional oral health education, or non-gamified interventions (comparator varied; several studies were single-arm/uncontrolled)

Adherence to oral hygiene routines by people with ID or their carers · Children or adolescents

Gamified interventions appear to increase children's engagement and adherence to oral hygiene routines, but the evidence is narrative and ungraded.

1 finding from 1 review
  • The Application of Gamification in Children's Oral Health Management: Systematic Review. 2025 All outcomes
    Post-intervention (predominantly short-term; long-term follow-up in a minority of studies) · School-based settings, specialized dental clinics, and home-based environments
    The regular use rate was significantly higher (72.4%) in the gamified mobile health app group than in the nongamified intervention group (48.3%) [Zolfaghari 2021]; quiz-based challenges in mobile apps encouraged higher…
    Studies not reported
    GRADE not reported

Gamified oral health interventions (mobile apps, serious games, augmented reality, game-based education) vs Conventional or traditional oral health education, or non-gamified interventions (comparator varied; several studies were single-arm/uncontrolled)

Plaque index (PI) / oral hygiene · Children or adolescents

Gamified interventions appear to improve plaque control and oral hygiene status in children versus conventional methods, but the evidence is narrative and ungraded (individual-study P values only).

1 finding from 1 review
  • The Application of Gamification in Children's Oral Health Management: Systematic Review. 2025 All outcomes
    Post-intervention (predominantly short-term; long-term follow-up in a minority of studies) · School-based settings, specialized dental clinics, and home-based environments
    In the gamified mobile health app group, plaque control was superior (P<.05) compared with the conventional method group [Zolfaghari 2021]; a gamified/reminder sticker-book group showed a significant improvement in…
    Studies not reported
    GRADE not reported

Gamified oral health interventions (mobile apps, serious games, augmented reality, game-based education) vs Conventional or traditional oral health education, or non-gamified interventions (comparator varied; several studies were single-arm/uncontrolled)

Oral health knowledge (1-9 scale) · Children or adolescents

Gamified interventions appear to improve children's oral health knowledge compared with conventional education, but the evidence is narrative and ungraded.

1 finding from 1 review
  • The Application of Gamification in Children's Oral Health Management: Systematic Review. 2025 All outcomes
    Post-intervention (predominantly short-term; long-term follow-up in a minority of studies) · School-based settings, specialized dental clinics, and home-based environments
    The effectiveness of digital-based interventions was generally positive, with 38% (9/24) of the experimental studies reporting improvements in oral health knowledge and behaviors; game-based teaching significantly…
    9 studies
    GRADE not reported

Gamified oral health interventions (mobile apps, serious games, augmented reality, game-based education) vs Conventional or traditional oral health education, or non-gamified interventions (comparator varied; several studies were single-arm/uncontrolled)

Oral hygiene behavior (brushing habits, preventive dental visits, dietary choices) · Children or adolescents

Gamified interventions appear to improve oral hygiene behaviors (brushing habits, preventive dental visits) in children, but the evidence is narrative and ungraded.

1 finding from 1 review
  • The Application of Gamification in Children's Oral Health Management: Systematic Review. 2025 All outcomes
    Post-intervention (predominantly short-term; long-term follow-up in a minority of studies) · School-based settings, specialized dental clinics, and home-based environments
    A gesture-based motion-capture game enhanced brushing independence and skill retention (P<.001) [Kang 2021]; 58.8% of caregivers reported their children brushed more often when using gamified applications [France…
    Studies not reported
    GRADE not reported

Summary of findings table ‐ Selective prevention interventions vs control group

Adverse events at study endpoint · preventing mental disorders
2 findings from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Selective prevention interventions vs control group

Psychological functioning and impairment at study endpoint (higher score = higher disability) · preventing mental disorders
2 findings from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Selective prevention interventions vs control group

Depressive symptoms · preventing mental disorders
2 findings from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Selective prevention interventions vs control group

Anxiety · preventing mental disorders
2 findings from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Selective prevention interventions vs control group

Distress/PTSD symptoms at study endpoint (higher score = higher severity) · preventing mental disorders
2 findings from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Indicated prevention interventions vs control group

Diagnosis of mental disorders at study endpoint (RR < 1 denotes lower risk of mental diagnosis) · preventing mental disorders

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Indicated prevention interventions changes diagnosis of mental disorders at study endpoint (RR < 1 denotes… compared with control group (very low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Indicated prevention interventions vs control group

QoL · preventing mental disorders
2 findings from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Indicated prevention interventions vs control group

Adverse events at study endpoint · preventing mental disorders
2 findings from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Indicated prevention interventions vs control group

Psychological functioning and impairment at study endpoint (higher score = higher disability) · preventing mental disorders
2 findings from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Indicated prevention interventions vs control group

Depressive symptoms · preventing mental disorders
2 findings from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Indicated prevention interventions vs control group

Anxiety · preventing mental disorders
2 findings from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Indicated prevention interventions vs control group

Distress/PTSD symptoms at study endpoint (higher score = higher severity) · preventing mental disorders
2 findings from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Selective prevention interventions vs control group

Diagnosis of mental disorders at study endpoint · preventing mental disorders
2 findings from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Selective prevention interventions vs control group

QoL · preventing mental disorders
2 findings from 1 review