Higher drinking-water fluoride exposure vs Null / lowest drinking-water fluoride exposure (reference)
Spine bone mineral density · Females (all ages)
Among females in low-to-moderate-risk-of-bias studies, the reported spine-BMD estimate above 2.35 mg/L water fluoride was MD 0.07 g/cm2 (95% CI 0.11 to 0.24; ungraded).
2 findings from 1 review
- The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. 2025 All outcomesDrinking water · Females, low-to-moderate risk-of-bias studies: above 2.35 mg/L vs nullMD 0.07 [0.11, 0.24]Studies not reportedGRADE not reported
- The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. 2025 All outcomesDrinking water · Females, low-to-moderate risk-of-bias studies: 0.7 to 2.35 mg/L vs nullMD 0.06 [-0.01, 0.12]Studies not reportedGRADE not reported