Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

240 questions · 263 findings · 36 reviews

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No studies found 18 · 6.8%GRADE not reported 92 · 35%Very low 68 · 25.9%Low 59 · 22.4%Moderate 21 · 8%High 5 · 1.9%

Higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) vs lower PUFA

HDL‐cholesterol · people with or without existing cardiovascular disease, men and women

1 finding from 1 review

Polyunsaturated fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
18 studies · 4674 participants
Moderate

Higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) vs lower PUFA

Serum low‐density lipoprotein (LDL, mmol/L) · people with or without existing cardiovascular disease, men and women

1 finding from 1 review

Polyunsaturated fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
15 studies · 3362 participants
Moderate

Higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) vs lower PUFA

CHD events · people with or without existing CVD, men and women

Higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) showed no clear difference in coronary heart disease events compared with lower PUFA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Polyunsaturated fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.87 [0.72, 1.06]
15 studies · 10076 participants
Moderate

Higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) vs lower PUFA

Stroke · people with or without existing CVD, men and women

Higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) showed no clear difference in stroke compared with lower PUFA (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Polyunsaturated fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.91 [0.58, 1.44]
11 studies · 14742 participants
Low

Higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) vs lower PUFA

Major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events · people with or without existing CVD, men and women

It is very uncertain whether higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) changes major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events compared with lower PUFA (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Polyunsaturated fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.84 [0.59, 1.2]
2 studies · 2879 participants
Very low

Higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) vs lower PUFA

Cardiovascular mortality · people with or without existing cardiovascular disease, men and women

Higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) showed no clear difference in cardiovascular mortality compared with lower PUFA (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Polyunsaturated fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.02 [0.82, 1.26]
16 studies · 15107 participants
Low

Higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) vs lower PUFA

Cardiovascular events · people with or without existing cardiovascular disease, men and women

Higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) showed no clear difference in cardiovascular events compared with lower PUFA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Polyunsaturated fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.89 [0.79, 1.01]
21 studies · 17799 participants
Moderate

Higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) vs lower PUFA

Coronary heart disease mortality – CHD deaths · people with or without existing cardiovascular disease, men and women

Higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) showed no clear difference in coronary heart disease mortality compared with lower PUFA (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Polyunsaturated fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.91 [0.78, 1.06]
9 studies · 8810 participants
Low

Higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) vs lower PUFA

Atrial fibrillation and arrhythmias · people with or without existing cardiovascular disease, men and women

It is very uncertain whether higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) changes atrial fibrillation and arrhythmias compared with lower PUFA (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Polyunsaturated fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.87 [0.72, 1.06]
11 studies · 11692 participants
Very low

Higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) vs lower PUFA

Weight (kg) · people with or without existing cardiovascular disease, men and women

1 finding from 1 review

Polyunsaturated fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
13 studies · 7100 participants
Moderate

Higher BP target (< 150‐160/95‐105 mmHg) vs lower BP target (< 140/90 mmHg)

All‐cause mortality · older adults with primary hypertension

Higher BP target (< 150‐160/95‐105 mmHg) showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with lower BP target (< 140/90 mmHg) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Blood pressure targets for hypertension in older adults 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.24 [0.99, 1.54]
3 studies · 8221 participants
Low

Higher BP target (< 150‐160/95‐105 mmHg) vs lower BP target (< 140/90 mmHg)

Stroke · older adults with primary hypertension

Higher BP target (< 150‐160/95‐105 mmHg) showed no clear difference in stroke compared with lower BP target (< 140/90 mmHg) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Blood pressure targets for hypertension in older adults 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.25 [0.94, 1.67]
3 studies · 8221 participants
Low

Higher BP target (< 150‐160/95‐105 mmHg) vs lower BP target (< 140/90 mmHg)

Serious adverse events: cardiovascular events · older adults with primary hypertension

Higher BP target (< 150‐160/95‐105 mmHg) showed no clear difference in cardiovascular serious adverse events compared with lower BP target (< 140/90 mmHg) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Blood pressure targets for hypertension in older adults 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.19 [0.98, 1.45]
3 studies · 8221 participants
Low

Higher BP target (< 150‐160/95‐105 mmHg) vs lower BP target (< 140/90 mmHg)

Withdrawals due to adverse events · older adults with primary hypertension

Higher BP target (< 150‐160/95‐105 mmHg) showed no clear difference in withdrawals due to adverse effects compared with lower BP target (< 140/90 mmHg) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Blood pressure targets for hypertension in older adults 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.83 [0.58, 1.19]
2 studies · 7497 participants
Low

Vitamin D (higher dose) + micronutrient(s) vs vitamin D (lower dose) + micronutrient(s)

Linear growth (length/height) Unit: cm Time frame: 3 months · children under 5 years of age

1 finding from 1 review

Effects of oral vitamin D supplementation on linear growth and other health outcomes among children under five years… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 25 participants
Low

Vitamin D (higher dose) + micronutrient(s) vs vitamin D (lower dose) + micronutrient(s)

Mean height‐for‐age z‐score · children under 5 years of age

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Effects of oral vitamin D supplementation on linear growth and other health outcomes among children under five years… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Vitamin D (higher dose) + micronutrient(s) vs vitamin D (lower dose) + micronutrient(s)

Stuntingb · children under 5 years of age

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Effects of oral vitamin D supplementation on linear growth and other health outcomes among children under five years… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Vitamin D (higher dose) + micronutrient(s) vs vitamin D (lower dose) + micronutrient(s)

Adverse effect: hypercalciuria As defined by trialists Time frame: 3 months · children under 5 years of age

Vitamin D (higher dose) + micronutrient(s) showed no clear difference in adverse effect: hypercalciuria As defined by trialists Time frame: 3… compared with vitamin D (lower dose) + micronutrient(s) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Effects of oral vitamin D supplementation on linear growth and other health outcomes among children under five years… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1 [0.06, 15.48]
1 study · 86 participants
Low

Vitamin D (higher dose) + micronutrient(s) vs vitamin D (lower dose) + micronutrient(s)

Hypercalcaemia · children under 5 years of age

Vitamin D (higher dose) + micronutrient(s) showed no clear difference in adverse effect: hypercalcaemia As defined by trialists Time frame:… compared with vitamin D (lower dose) + micronutrient(s) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Effects of oral vitamin D supplementation on linear growth and other health outcomes among children under five years… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1 [0.9, 1.11]
2 studies · 126 participants
Moderate

Vitamin D (higher dose) + micronutrient(s) vs vitamin D (lower dose) + micronutrient(s)

Adverse effect: hyperphosphataemiab · children under 5 years of age

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Effects of oral vitamin D supplementation on linear growth and other health outcomes among children under five years… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found