Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

901 questions · 1,073 findings · 138 reviews

No studies found 166 · 15.5%GRADE not reported 310 · 28.9%Very low 213 · 19.9%Low 227 · 21.2%Moderate 132 · 12.3%High 25 · 2.3%

Higher drinking-water fluoride exposure vs Lower water fluoride concentration (concurrent control)

Dental fluorosis of aesthetic concern (Dean's Index, TFI, TSIF) · Populations of all ages (mostly children) exposed to drinking water with differing fluoride concentrations

Higher water fluoride concentration (fluoridated water; natural or… may leads to higher dental fluorosis of aesthetic concern (Dean's Index, TFI, TSIF) compared with lower water fluoride concentration (concurrent control) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Higher drinking-water fluoride exposure vs Lower water fluoride concentration (concurrent control)

Adverse effects: dental fluorosis · Populations of all ages (mostly children) exposed to drinking water with differing fluoride concentrations

Higher water fluoride concentration (fluoridated water; natural or… may leads to higher dental fluorosis of any level (all severities) compared with lower water fluoride concentration (concurrent control) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Human menopausal gonadotrophin or highly purified human menopausal gonadotrophin vs urinary follicle stimulating hormone

OHSS · ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome

It is very uncertain whether human menopausal gonadotrophin or highly purified human menopausal… changes incidence of OHSS per woman compared with urinary follicle stimulating hormone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Human menopausal gonadotrophin or highly purified human menopausal gonadotrophin vs urinary follicle stimulating hormone

Live birth rate per woman · ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome

It is very uncertain whether human menopausal gonadotrophin or highly purified human menopausal… changes live birth rate per woman compared with urinary follicle stimulating hormone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Human menopausal gonadotrophin or highly purified human menopausal gonadotrophin vs urinary follicle stimulating hormone

Multiple pregnancy rate · ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome

It is very uncertain whether human menopausal gonadotrophin or highly purified human menopausal… changes incidence of multiple pregnancy (per woman) compared with urinary follicle stimulating hormone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Human menopausal gonadotrophin or highly purified human menopausal gonadotrophin vs urinary follicle stimulating hormone

Clinical pregnancy rate · ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome

It is very uncertain whether human menopausal gonadotrophin or highly purified human menopausal… changes clinical pregnancy rate per woman compared with urinary follicle stimulating hormone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Human menopausal gonadotrophin or highly purified human menopausal gonadotrophin vs urinary follicle stimulating hormone

Miscarriage · ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome

It is very uncertain whether human menopausal gonadotrophin or highly purified human menopausal… changes miscarriage rate per woman compared with urinary follicle stimulating hormone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

High-viscosity glass-ionomer cement (HVGIC) restoration (conventional restorative approach) vs Compomer, composite resin, or another HVGIC

Treatment failure (annual failure rate) · Children with previously unrestored, vital carious lesions in primary teeth (no pulp therapy); aged 1.5-11 years

High-viscosity GIC had a wide annual failure rate (2.9-25.6%) and was outperformed by compomer/composite in some trials (3 RCTs); low quality of evidence (ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review

Obesity or overweight (higher BMI, mostly WHO BMI ≥25/≥30; 2 studies used waist circumference) vs Normal Weight or Non‐Obese

Dental caries · Adults (≥18 years)

After adjustment for confounders, obesity/overweight was not associated with dental caries (OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.89 to 1.12; ungraded).

9 findings from 1 review
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Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), higher dose (1260 to 12,600 micrograms) vs Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), lower dose (12.6 to 126 micrograms)

Oral mucositis (severe) · breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), higher… led to higher oral mucositis (severe) compared with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), lower…; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Discussion of individual clinical photographs (plaque highlighted by a disclosing agent) as an oral hygiene motivator, plus oral hygiene instruction vs No discussion of clinical photographs, but received the same oral hygiene instruction

Plaque · People with ID (level of ID and age unclear); setting day centre

It is very uncertain whether discussion of individual clinical photographs (plaque highlighted by… changes plaque (medium term) compared with no discussion of clinical photographs, but received the same oral… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

High-dose vitamin D3 supplementation during pregnancy (2400 IU/day from pregnancy week 24 to 1 week postpartum, in addition to the recommended 400 IU/day) vs Low-dose (standard) vitamin D supplementation as recommended in national pregnancy guidelines

Caries presence in primary teeth · For interventions, pregnant women, mothers or other caregivers of infants in the first year of life; for outcomes, children up to 6 years…

It is very uncertain whether high-dose vitamin D3 supplementation during pregnancy (2400 IU/day… changes caries presence in primary teeth compared with low-dose (standard) vitamin D supplementation as recommended in… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

High-dose vitamin D3 supplementation during pregnancy (2400 IU/day from pregnancy week 24 to 1 week postpartum, in addition to the recommended 400 IU/day) vs Low-dose (standard) vitamin D supplementation as recommended in national pregnancy guidelines

Dental caries · For interventions, pregnant women, mothers or other caregivers of infants in the first year of life; for outcomes, children up to 6 years…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

2 findings from 1 review

Higher JIA disease activity/severity (e.g., high JADAS/activity scores, polyarticular RF-negative subtype, active disease, anti-TNFalpha or cyclosporine medication) vs Lower JIA disease activity / inactive or milder JIA

Prevalence and severity of oral and TMJ diseases/conditions (periodontal status and dental caries) · Children and adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)

Some studies suggested greater JIA disease activity/severity (and certain medications) was associated with worse periodontal and caries outcomes, but small samples meant no solid conclusion could be drawn (ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review