Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

901 questions · 1,073 findings · 138 reviews

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No studies found 166 · 15.5%GRADE not reported 310 · 28.9%Very low 213 · 19.9%Low 227 · 21.2%Moderate 132 · 12.3%High 25 · 2.3%

Early and late (day 1 to 28 after birth) higher vs lower sodium intake

Chronic lung disease · preterm or low birth weight infants

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Late (seven days or more following birth) higher vs lower sodium intake

Hyponatraemia (< 130 mmol/L) · preterm or low birth weight infants

Late (seven days or more following birth) higher may leads to lower hyponatraemia (< 130 mmol/L) compared with lower sodium intake (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.13 [0.03, 0.5]
2 studies · 69 participants
Low

Late (seven days or more following birth) higher vs lower sodium intake

Hypernatraemia (≥ 150 mmol/L) · preterm or low birth weight infants

It is very uncertain whether late (seven days or more following birth) higher changes hypernatraemia (≥ 150 mmol/L) compared with lower sodium intake (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 7.88 [0.43, 144.81]
2 studies · 69 participants
Very low

Late (seven days or more following birth) higher vs lower sodium intake

Postnatal growth failure (weight < 10th percentile) · preterm or low birth weight infants

Late (seven days or more following birth) higher may leads to lower postnatal growth failure (weight < 10th percentile) compared with lower sodium intake (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.25 [0.09, 0.69]
1 study · 29 participants
Low

Late (seven days or more following birth) higher vs lower sodium intake

Necrotising enterocolitis · preterm or low birth weight infants

It is very uncertain whether late (seven days or more following birth) higher changes necrotising enterocolitis compared with lower sodium intake (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.07 [0, 1.25]
1 study · 49 participants
Very low

Late (seven days or more following birth) higher vs lower sodium intake

Chronic lung disease · preterm or low birth weight infants

It is very uncertain whether late (seven days or more following birth) higher changes chronic lung disease compared with lower sodium intake (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.03 [0.8, 5.2]
1 study · 49 participants
Very low

Late (seven days or more following birth) higher vs lower sodium intake

Mortality Mortality at latest · preterm or low birth weight infants

It is very uncertain whether late (seven days or more following birth) higher changes mortality (latest time reported up to hospital discharge) compared with lower sodium intake (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.13 [0.01, 2.2]
1 study · 49 participants
Very low

Late (seven days or more following birth) higher vs lower sodium intake

Neurodevelopmental disability · preterm or low birth weight infants

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

High dose BoNT‐A vs Low dose BoNT‐A

Elbow flexor spasticity modified Tardieu scale. Scale from: 0 to 180. · children with cerebral palsy

1 finding from 1 review

Botulinum toxin A as an adjunct to treatment in the management of the upper limb in children with spastic cerebral… 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 1 participants
GRADE not reported

High dose BoNT‐A vs Low dose BoNT‐A

Wrist flexor spasticity · children with cerebral palsy

1 finding from 1 review

Botulinum toxin A as an adjunct to treatment in the management of the upper limb in children with spastic cerebral… 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 1 participants
GRADE not reported

High dose BoNT‐A vs Low dose BoNT‐A

Quality of movement (18 mths ‐ 8yrs) Quality of Upper Extremity Skills Test. Scale from: 0 to 100. · children with cerebral palsy

1 finding from 1 review

Botulinum toxin A as an adjunct to treatment in the management of the upper limb in children with spastic cerebral… 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 39 participants
Moderate

High dose BoNT‐A vs Low dose BoNT‐A

Goal attainment Goal Attainment Scaling3. Scale from: 20 to 80. · children with cerebral palsy

1 finding from 1 review

Botulinum toxin A as an adjunct to treatment in the management of the upper limb in children with spastic cerebral… 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 1 participants
GRADE not reported

High dose BoNT‐A vs Low dose BoNT‐A

Quality of movement (5 yrs ‐ 15yrs) The Melbourne Assessment. Scale from: 0 to 100. · children with cerebral palsy

1 finding from 1 review

Botulinum toxin A as an adjunct to treatment in the management of the upper limb in children with spastic cerebral… 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 1 participants
GRADE not reported

High dose BoNT‐A vs Low dose BoNT‐A

Occupational performance ‐ performance Canadian Occupational Performance Measure. Scale from: 0 to 10. · children with cerebral palsy

1 finding from 1 review

Botulinum toxin A as an adjunct to treatment in the management of the upper limb in children with spastic cerebral… 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 1 participants
GRADE not reported

High dose BoNT‐A vs Low dose BoNT‐A

Occupational performance ‐ satisfaction Canadian Occupational Performance Measure. Scale from: 0 to 10. · children with cerebral palsy

1 finding from 1 review

Botulinum toxin A as an adjunct to treatment in the management of the upper limb in children with spastic cerebral… 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 1 participants
GRADE not reported

HFNC vs standard oxygen therapy

Length of hospital stay · infants with bronchiolitis

1 finding from 1 review

High‐flow nasal cannula therapy for infants with bronchiolitis 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 1951 participants
Low

HFNC vs standard oxygen therapy

Adverse events · infants with bronchiolitis

Summary of findings table ‐ High‐flow nasal cannula showed no clear difference in adverse events compared with standard oxygen therapy (low‐flow) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

High‐flow nasal cannula therapy for infants with bronchiolitis 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.2 [0.38, 3.74]
4 studies · 1789 participants
Low

HFNC vs standard oxygen therapy

Change in respiratory rate at 20 minutes · infants with bronchiolitis

1 finding from 1 review

High‐flow nasal cannula therapy for infants with bronchiolitis 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 692 participants
Low

HFNC vs standard oxygen therapy

Change** in heart rate (beats/min) · infants with bronchiolitis

1 finding from 1 review

High‐flow nasal cannula therapy for infants with bronchiolitis 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 692 participants
Moderate

HFNC vs standard oxygen therapy

Need for treatment escalation · infants with bronchiolitis

Summary of findings table ‐ High‐flow nasal cannula probably leads to lower need for treatment escalation compared with standard oxygen therapy (low‐flow) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

High‐flow nasal cannula therapy for infants with bronchiolitis 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.55 [0.39, 0.79]
8 studies · 2215 participants
Moderate