What do systematic reviews say?

Chemotherapy vs chemotherapy alone

Chemotherapy showed no clear difference in progression‐free survival (non‐taxane monotherapy vs taxane… compared with chemotherapy (low certainty).

• Salvage systemic therapy for advanced gastric and oesophago‐gastric junction adenocarcinoma 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 1.14 [0.88, 1.48]
  1 study · 219 participants
  Low
• Salvage systemic therapy for advanced gastric and oesophago‐gastric junction adenocarcinoma 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 0.75 [0.52, 1.09]
  2 studies · 121 participants
  Low
• Salvage systemic therapy for advanced gastric and oesophago‐gastric junction adenocarcinoma 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 107 participants
  High

Chemotherapy vs biological therapy

Chemotherapy probably leads to higher progression‐free survival compared with biological therapy (moderate certainty).

• Salvage systemic therapy for advanced gastric and oesophago‐gastric junction adenocarcinoma 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 1.27 [1.03, 1.57]
  1 study · 395 participants
  Moderate

Chemotherapy vs placebo, best supportive care (BSC) or no treatment

Chemotherapy leads to lower progression‐free survival compared with placebo, best supportive care (BSC) or no treatment (high certainty).

• Salvage systemic therapy for advanced gastric and oesophago‐gastric junction adenocarcinoma 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 0.57 [0.47, 0.69]
  1 study · 507 participants
  High

Chemotherapy vs best supportive care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Second‐line systemic therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Delayed chemotherapy vs immediate chemotherapy

• Survival differences with immediate versus delayed chemotherapy for asymptomatic incurable metastatic colorectal cancer 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 351 participants
  Low

Biochemotherapy vs chemotherapy alone

Biochemotherapy leads to lower progression‐free survival† compared with chemotherapy (high certainty).

• Systemic treatments for metastatic cutaneous melanoma 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 0.9 [0.83, 0.99]
  964 participants
  High

Polychemotherapy vs chemotherapy alone

Polychemotherapy showed no clear difference in progression‐freesurvival† compared with chemotherapy (high certainty).

• Systemic treatments for metastatic cutaneous melanoma 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 1.07 [0.91, 1.25]
  398 participants
  High

Bevacizumab plus chemotherapy vs chemotherapy alone

Chemotherapy + bevacizumab leads to lower progression‐free survival compared with chemotherapy (high certainty).

• Second‐line systemic therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 0.67 [0.6, 0.75]
  4 studies · 1723 participants
  High

Chemotherapy with TKI vs chemotherapy alone

Chemotherapy with TKI may leads to lower progression‐free survival (PFS) compared with chemotherapy alone (low certainty).

• Angiogenesis inhibitors for the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 0.7 [0.55, 0.89]
  8 studies · 940 participants
  Low

Interferon + chemotherapy vs chemotherapy alone

Interferon + chemotherapy may leads to higher progression‐free survival compared with chemotherapy alone (low certainty).

• Interferon after surgery for women with advanced (Stage II‐IV) epithelial ovarian cancer 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 1.43 [1.02, 2]
  2 studies · 244 participants
  Low

TG4010 added to chemotherapy vs chemotherapy alone

TG4010 added to chemotherapy may leads to lower progression‐free survival compared with chemotherapy alone (low certainty).

• Therapeutic vaccines for advanced non‐small cell lung cancer 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 0.74 [0.55, 0.99]
  1 study · 222 participants
  Low

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy prior to interval surgery (NACT) vs surgery followed by chemotherapy (PDS)

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy prior to interval surgery (NACT) showed no clear difference in progression‐free survival ( compared with surgery followed by chemotherapy (PDS) (moderate certainty).

• Neoadjuvant chemotherapy before surgery versus surgery followed by chemotherapy for initial treatment in advanced… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 0.98 [0.88, 1.08]
  4 studies · 1847 participants
  Moderate

Summary of findings: Molecular‐targeted therapy plus chemotherapy vs chemotherapy alone

Summary of findings: Molecular‐targeted therapy plus chemotherapy showed no clear difference in progression‐free survival compared with chemotherapy alone (low certainty).

• Molecular‐targeted first‐line therapy for advanced gastric cancer 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 0.9 [0.78, 1.04]
  11 studies · 4014 participants
  Low

High‐dose chemotherapy followed by autologous haematopoietic cell transplantation vs conventional chemotherapy plus whole lung irradiation

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• High‐dose chemotherapy followed by autologous haematopoietic cell transplantation for children, adolescents, and young… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Bevacizumab plus chemotherapy vs chemotherapy alone

Chemotherapy with bevacizumab probably leads to lower progression‐free survival (PFS) compared with chemotherapy alone (moderate certainty).

• Angiogenesis inhibitors for the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 0.49 [0.42, 0.58]
  5 studies · 778 participants
  Moderate

Anti‐EGFR antibody plus chemotherapy vs chemotherapy alone

Anti‐EGFR antibody plus chemotherapy showed no clear difference in progression‐free survival compared with chemotherapy alone (low certainty).

• Epidermal growth factor receptor blockers for the treatment of ovarian cancer 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 0.9 [0.7, 1.16]
  4 studies · 658 participants
  Low

Summary of findings table (subcomparison 2): second‐line chemotherapy or targeted therapy agent(s) plus control intervention vs control intervention

Summary of findings table (subcomparison 2): second‐line… may leads to lower progression‐free survival compared with control intervention alone (low certainty).

• Palliative chemotherapy and targeted therapies for esophageal and gastroesophageal junction cancer 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 0.51 [0.29, 0.9]
  3 studies · 677 participants
  Low

Modern chemotherapy regimens vs 5‐flourouracil

Modern chemotherapy regimens leads to lower progression‐free survival compared with 5‐flourouracil (high certainty).

• Second‐line systemic therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 0.59 [0.49, 0.73]
  2 studies · 470 participants
  High

Anti‐angiogenic drugs plus chemotherapy vs chemotherapy alone

Anti‐angiogenic drugs plus chemotherapy probably leads to lower progression‐free survival† compared with chemotherapy (moderate certainty).

• Systemic treatments for metastatic cutaneous melanoma 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 0.69 [0.52, 0.92]
  324 participants
  Moderate

Anti‐CTLA4 monoclonal antibodies plus chemotherapy vs chemotherapy alone

Anti‐CTLA4 monoclonal antibodies plus chemotherapy probably leads to lower progression‐free survival† compared with chemotherapy (moderate certainty).

• Systemic treatments for metastatic cutaneous melanoma 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 0.76 [0.63, 0.92]
  502 participants
  Moderate