What do systematic reviews say?

Single‐dose intravesical chemotherapy instillation vs placebo or observation after nephroureterectomy

• Single‐dose intravesical chemotherapy after nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 72 participants
  Very low

Chemotherapy vs chemotherapy alone

• Salvage systemic therapy for advanced gastric and oesophago‐gastric junction adenocarcinoma 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 448 participants
  Moderate

Chemotherapy vs no chemotherapy

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Management of people with intermediate‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Chemotherapy vs biological therapy

Chemotherapy probably leads to lower any adverse events compared with biological therapy (moderate certainty).

• Salvage systemic therapy for advanced gastric and oesophago‐gastric junction adenocarcinoma 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.63 [0.56, 0.71]
  1 study · 570 participants
  Moderate

Chemotherapy vs placebo, best supportive care (BSC) or no treatment

Chemotherapy showed no clear difference in any adverse events compared with placebo, best supportive care (BSC) or no treatment (high certainty).

• Salvage systemic therapy for advanced gastric and oesophago‐gastric junction adenocarcinoma 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.04 [1, 1.09]
  1 study · 503 participants
  High

Chemotherapy vs biological therapy

Chemotherapy may leads to lower serious adverse events compared with biological therapy (low certainty).

• Salvage systemic therapy for advanced gastric and oesophago‐gastric junction adenocarcinoma 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.41 [0.3, 0.57]
  1 study · 570 participants
  Low

Chemotherapy vs placebo, best supportive care (BSC) or no treatment

Chemotherapy probably leads to higher serious adverse events compared with placebo, best supportive care (BSC) or no treatment (moderate certainty).

• Salvage systemic therapy for advanced gastric and oesophago‐gastric junction adenocarcinoma 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.38 [1.2, 1.59]
  1 study · 503 participants
  Moderate

Adjuvant chemotherapy vs no chemotherapy

It is very uncertain whether adjuvant chemotherapy changes serious adverse events compared with no chemotherapy (very low certainty).

• Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for resectable cholangiocarcinoma 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 17.82 [2.43, 130.82]
  1 study · 219 participants
  Very low

Adjuvant chemotherapy vs no chemotherapy

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for resectable cholangiocarcinoma 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Single‐dose intravesical chemotherapy instillation vs placebo or observation after nephroureterectomy

• Single‐dose intravesical chemotherapy after nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 311 participants
  Very low