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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

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Intervention or exposure

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Review versions

587 questions in 116 reviews · Eyes and Vision

current versions

No studies 587 · 100%Ungraded 0 · 0%Very low 0 · 0%Low 0 · 0%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
Low‐ vs high‐energy diode trans‐scleral cyclophotocoagulation Outcomes* · people with primary open‐angle glaucoma and no previous glaucoma surgery Cyclodestructive procedures for non‐refractory glaucoma (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Low‐ vs high‐energy diode trans‐scleral cyclophotocoagulation Mean visual field · people with primary open‐angle glaucoma and no previous glaucoma surgery Cyclodestructive procedures for non‐refractory glaucoma (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Laser photocoagulation vs no intervention Improvement of BCVA defined as ≥ 15 ETDRS letters (i.e. 3 ETDRS lines or 0.3 logMAR · diabetic macular oedema Monotherapy laser photocoagulation for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Subthreshold vs standard macular photocoagulation Quality of life measures · diabetic macular oedema Monotherapy laser photocoagulation for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Subthreshold vs standard macular photocoagulation Adverse events · diabetic macular oedema Monotherapy laser photocoagulation for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Laser photocoagulation vs no intervention Continuous BCVA on the logMAR scale (lower logMAR scores represent better visual acuity) · diabetic macular oedema Monotherapy laser photocoagulation for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Laser photocoagulation vs no intervention Central retinal thickness (μm) · diabetic macular oedema Monotherapy laser photocoagulation for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Laser photocoagulation vs no intervention Quality of life measures · diabetic macular oedema Monotherapy laser photocoagulation for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Laser photocoagulation vs no intervention Adverse events · diabetic macular oedema Monotherapy laser photocoagulation for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Botulinum toxin vs observation Improvement in functional ability · people with sixth nerve palsy Interventions for eye movement disorders due to acquired brain injury (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Botulinum toxin vs observation Quality of life · people with sixth nerve palsy Interventions for eye movement disorders due to acquired brain injury (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Summary of findings: intravitreal bevacizumab plus intravitreal steroid vs macular laser Significant intraocular inflammation at · adults with centre‐involving diabetic macular oedema Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor combined with intravitreal steroids for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Summary of findings: intravitreal bevacizumab plus intravitreal steroid vs macular laser Systemic adverse events at · adults with centre‐involving diabetic macular oedema Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor combined with intravitreal steroids for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Summary of findings: intravitreal bevacizumab plus intravitreal steroid vs macular laser Quality of life at · adults with centre‐involving diabetic macular oedema Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor combined with intravitreal steroids for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Summary of findings: intravitreal bevacizumab plus intravitreal steroid vs intravitreal steroid Gain or loss of 10 or more letters visual acuity at 1 year · adults with centre‐involving diabetic macular oedema Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor combined with intravitreal steroids for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Summary of findings: intravitreal bevacizumab plus intravitreal steroid vs intravitreal steroid Significant intraocular inflammation at · adults with centre‐involving diabetic macular oedema Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor combined with intravitreal steroids for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Summary of findings: intravitreal bevacizumab plus intravitreal steroid vs intravitreal steroid Development of cataract at · adults with centre‐involving diabetic macular oedema Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor combined with intravitreal steroids for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Summary of findings: intravitreal bevacizumab plus intravitreal steroid vs intravitreal steroid Systemic adverse events at · adults with centre‐involving diabetic macular oedema Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor combined with intravitreal steroids for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Summary of findings: intravitreal bevacizumab plus intravitreal steroid vs intravitreal steroid Quality of life at · adults with centre‐involving diabetic macular oedema Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor combined with intravitreal steroids for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Summary of findings: intravitreal anti‐VEGF plus intravitreal steroid vs intravitreal anti‐VEGF Quality of life at · adults with centre‐involving diabetic macular oedema Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor combined with intravitreal steroids for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Summary of findings: intravitreal bevacizumab plus intravitreal steroid vs macular laser Gain or loss of 10 or more letters visual acuity at 1 year · adults with centre‐involving diabetic macular oedema Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor combined with intravitreal steroids for diabetic macular oedema (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Blue‐light filtering intraocular lenses (IOL) vs non blue‐light filtering IOL Contrast sensitivity function, measured in log Contrast Sensitivity at six months · adults undergoing cataract surgery with IOL implantation Blue‐light filtering intraocular lenses (IOLs) for protecting macular health (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Blue‐light filtering intraocular lenses (IOL) vs non blue‐light filtering IOL Colour discrimination, measured as the proportion of eyes that had a measurable loss from baseline using Farnsworth‐Munsell 100‐hue colour test score under photopic conditions at six months · adults undergoing cataract surgery with IOL implantation Blue‐light filtering intraocular lenses (IOLs) for protecting macular health (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Blue‐light filtering intraocular lenses (IOL) vs non blue‐light filtering IOL Proportion of participants with adverse events with a probable causal link with the study interventions at six months · adults undergoing cataract surgery with IOL implantation Blue‐light filtering intraocular lenses (IOLs) for protecting macular health (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Any quality improvement intervention vs usual care Ongoing adherence to screening · patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes eligible for diabetic retinopathy screening Interventions to increase attendance for diabetic retinopathy screening (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Stepped quality improvement intervention vs intervention alone Ongoing adherence to screening · patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes eligible for diabetic retinopathy screening Interventions to increase attendance for diabetic retinopathy screening (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Stepped quality improvement intervention vs intervention alone Economic outcomes · patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes eligible for diabetic retinopathy screening Interventions to increase attendance for diabetic retinopathy screening (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Diode laser vs argon laser Vision‐related QoL ‐ not reported · people with proliferative diabetic retinopathy Different lasers and techniques for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
0.5 vs 0.1 second exposure Pain during laser treatment ‐ not reported · proliferative diabetic retinopathy Different lasers and techniques for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Light PRP vs classic PRP BCVA: loss of 15 letters or more ‐ not reported · proliferative diabetic retinopathy Different lasers and techniques for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Light PRP vs classic PRP BCVA: gain of 15 letters or more ‐ not reported · proliferative diabetic retinopathy Different lasers and techniques for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Light PRP vs classic PRP Progression of DR ‐ not reported · proliferative diabetic retinopathy Different lasers and techniques for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Light PRP vs classic PRP Regression of PDR ‐ not reported · proliferative diabetic retinopathy Different lasers and techniques for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Mild scatter PRP vs full scatter PRP BCVA: loss of 15 or more ETDRS letters ‐ not reported · proliferative diabetic retinopathy Different lasers and techniques for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Mild scatter PRP vs full scatter PRP BCVA: gain of 15 or more ETDRS letters ‐ not reported · proliferative diabetic retinopathy Different lasers and techniques for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Mild scatter PRP vs full scatter PRP Progression if PDR ‐ not reported · proliferative diabetic retinopathy Different lasers and techniques for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Mild scatter PRP vs full scatter PRP Regression of PDR ‐ not reported · proliferative diabetic retinopathy Different lasers and techniques for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Mild scatter PRP vs full scatter PRP Pain during laser treatment ‐ not reported · proliferative diabetic retinopathy Different lasers and techniques for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Mild scatter PRP vs full scatter PRP Vision‐related QoL ‐ not reported · proliferative diabetic retinopathy Different lasers and techniques for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Mild scatter PRP vs full scatter PRP Adverse events ‐ not reported · proliferative diabetic retinopathy Different lasers and techniques for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Central PRP vs peripheral PRP Progression of DR ‐ not reported · proliferative diabetic retinopathy Different lasers and techniques for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Central PRP vs peripheral PRP Regression of PDR ‐ not reported · proliferative diabetic retinopathy Different lasers and techniques for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Central PRP vs peripheral PRP Pain during laser treatment ‐ not reported · proliferative diabetic retinopathy Different lasers and techniques for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Central PRP vs peripheral PRP Vision‐related QoL ‐ not reported · proliferative diabetic retinopathy Different lasers and techniques for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Centre sparing PRP vs full scatter PRP BCVA: gain of 15 or more ETDRS letters · proliferative diabetic retinopathy Different lasers and techniques for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Centre sparing PRP vs full scatter PRP Progression of DR ‐ not reported · proliferative diabetic retinopathy Different lasers and techniques for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Centre sparing PRP vs full scatter PRP Pain during laser treatment ‐ not reported · proliferative diabetic retinopathy Different lasers and techniques for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Centre sparing PRP vs full scatter PRP Vision‐related QoL ‐ not reported · proliferative diabetic retinopathy Different lasers and techniques for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Centre sparing PRP vs full scatter PRP Adverse events ‐ not reported · proliferative diabetic retinopathy Different lasers and techniques for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Extended targeted PRP vs standard PRP BCVA: gain of 15 or more ETDRS letters: · people with diabetic retinopathy Different lasers and techniques for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies