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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
15,213 questions in 2,394 reviews
current versionsNo studies 15,213 · 100%Ungraded 0 · 0%Very low 0 · 0%Low 0 · 0%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) vs another ACEi Micro‐ to normoalbuminuria · people with diabetes and kidney disease Angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for preventing the progression of… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low‐dose angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) vs high‐dose ARB Doubling of SCr · people with diabetes and kidney disease Angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for preventing the progression of… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low‐dose angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) vs high‐dose ARB Fatal or nonfatal stroke · people with diabetes and kidney disease Angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for preventing the progression of… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low‐dose angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) vs high‐dose ARB Fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction · people with diabetes and kidney disease Angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for preventing the progression of… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low‐dose angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) vs high‐dose ARB Micro‐ to macroalbuminuria · people with diabetes and kidney disease Angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for preventing the progression of… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low‐dose angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) vs high‐dose ARB Micro‐ to normoalbuminuria · people with diabetes and kidney disease Angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for preventing the progression of… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low‐dose angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) plus spironolactone vs high‐dose ARB plus spironolactone All‐cause death · people with diabetes and kidney disease Angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for preventing the progression of… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low‐dose angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) plus spironolactone vs high‐dose ARB plus spironolactone Cardiovascular death · people with diabetes and kidney disease Angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for preventing the progression of… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low‐dose angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) plus spironolactone vs high‐dose ARB plus spironolactone Doubling of SCr · people with diabetes and kidney disease Angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for preventing the progression of… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low‐dose angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) plus spironolactone vs high‐dose ARB plus spironolactone Fatal or nonfatal stroke · people with diabetes and kidney disease Angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for preventing the progression of… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low‐dose angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) plus spironolactone vs high‐dose ARB plus spironolactone Fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction · people with diabetes and kidney disease Angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for preventing the progression of… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low‐dose angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) plus spironolactone vs high‐dose ARB plus spironolactone Micro‐ to macroalbuminuria · people with diabetes and kidney disease Angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for preventing the progression of… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low‐dose angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) plus spironolactone vs high‐dose ARB plus spironolactone Micro‐ to normoalbuminuria · people with diabetes and kidney disease Angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for preventing the progression of… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 14 mL 1% chloroprocaine paracervical block vs normal saline paracervical block Pain with dilation ‐ not measured · women requesting a surgical abortion at seven to 12 weeks of gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 14 mL 1% chloroprocaine paracervical block vs normal saline paracervical block Pain during procedure ‐ not measured · women requesting a surgical abortion at seven to 12 weeks of gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Ultracaine paracervical block vs placebo (normal saline) paracervical block/no paracervical block Pain with dilation ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Ultracaine paracervical block vs placebo (normal saline) paracervical block/no paracervical block Pain with aspiration ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Topical cervical lidocaine spray vs ultracaine paracervical block Pain with dilation ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Topical cervical lidocaine spray vs ultracaine paracervical block Pain with aspiration ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Intravenous paracetamol vs ultracaine paracervical block Pain with dilation ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Intravenous paracetamol vs ultracaine paracervical block Pain with aspiration ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 20 mL 1% plain lidocaine vs 20 mL 0.25% bupivacaine Pain with dilation ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion in the first trimester Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 20 mL 1% plain lidocaine vs 20 mL 0.25% bupivacaine Pain during procedure ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion in the first trimester Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 20 mL 1% lidocaine paracervical block vs sham paracervical block Pain during procedure ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at less than 11 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 20 mL 1% buffered lidocaine vs 20 mL 0.25% bupivacaine Pain with dilation ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion in the first trimester Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 20 mL 1% buffered lidocaine vs 20 mL 0.25% bupivacaine Pain during procedure ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion in the first trimester Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 20 mL 1% lidocaine vs 20 mL 0.5% lidocaine Pain with dilation ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion between seven and 14 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 20 mL 1% lidocaine vs 20 mL 0.5% lidocaine Pain during procedure ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion between seven and 14 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Three‐ to five‐minute wait between paracervical block injection and cervical dilation vs no wait between paracervical block injection and cervical dilation Pain during procedure ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at less than 11 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 10 mL 2% cervical lignocaine gel vs 10 mL cervical KY jelly Pain during procedure ‐ not measured · women requesting a surgical abortion between seven and 12 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Two pumps of 10% cervical lidocaine spray and paracervical block vs two pumps of cervical normal saline spray and paracervical block Pain with dilation ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at seven weeks' gestation or less Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Two pumps of 10% cervical lidocaine spray and paracervical block vs two pumps of cervical normal saline spray and paracervical block Pain with aspiration ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at seven weeks' gestation or less Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Two puffs of cervical lidocaine spray vs placebo cervical spray/no spray Pain with dilation ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Two puffs of cervical lidocaine spray vs placebo cervical spray/no spray Pain with aspiration ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 3 cm deep paracervical block vs 1.5 cm deep paracervical block Pain during procedure ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at less than 12 weeks' gestation (Cetin 1997) and in the first trimester (Wiebe… Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 2 site (4‐8 o?clock) paracervical block vs 4 site (2‐4‐8‐10 o?clock) paracervical block Pain during procedure ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at less than 11 weeks' gestation (Renner 2016) and seven to 12 weeks' gestation… Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Intravenous paracetamol 1000 mg vs 2 pumps of cervical lidocaine spray Pain with dilation ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Intravenous paracetamol 1000 mg vs 2 pumps of cervical lidocaine spray Pain with aspiration ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 20 mL 1% lidocaine paracervical block vs normal saline paracervical block Pain during procedure ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at less than 14 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 80 mg lidocaine paracervical block vs normal saline paracervical block Pain with dilation ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at seven weeks' gestation or less Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 80 mg lidocaine paracervical block vs normal saline paracervical block Pain with aspiration ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at seven weeks' gestation or less Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table – disulfiram vs naltrexone Continuous abstinence from cocaine (number of participants who had achieved and maintained abstinence for at least three weeks at the end of treatment) · people with cocaine dependence Disulfiram for the treatment of cocaine dependence (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table – disulfiram vs naltrexone Point abstinence (number of participants who were abstinent at the end of the treatment) · people with cocaine dependence Disulfiram for the treatment of cocaine dependence (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table – disulfiram vs naltrexone Any adverse events (number of participants who experienced at least one adverse event) · people with cocaine dependence Disulfiram for the treatment of cocaine dependence (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Vocational interventions vs care QoL · people with cancer Non‐medical interventions to enhance return to work for people with cancer (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Surfactant administration via laryngeal mask airway (S‐LMA) vs surfactant administration via endotracheal tube (ETT) with extubation at standard criteria (S‐ETT) Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (clinical definition) among survivors · preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome Laryngeal mask airway surfactant administration for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Surfactant administration via laryngeal mask airway (S‐LMA) vs surfactant administration via endotracheal tube (ETT) with extubation at standard criteria (S‐ETT) Neurosensory disability in survivors · preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome Laryngeal mask airway surfactant administration for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Surfactant administration via laryngeal mask airway (S‐LMA) vs no surfactant administration Neurosensory disability in survivors · preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome Laryngeal mask airway surfactant administration for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Surfactant administration via laryngeal mask airway (S‐LMA) vs surfactant administration via endotracheal tube (ETT) with the intent to rapidly extubate (InSurE) Neurosensory disability in survivors · preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome Laryngeal mask airway surfactant administration for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Surfactant administration via laryngeal mask airway (S‐LMA) vs surfactant administration via endotracheal tube (ETT) with extubation at standard criteria (S‐ETT) Death or bronchopulmonary dysplasia · preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome Laryngeal mask airway surfactant administration for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |