Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer
Relaxation showed no clear difference in pain intensity compared with occlusal (oral) appliance; GRADE not reported.
1 finding from 1 review
Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) 2022 · Cochrane All outcomesTreatment completion · Adolescents (12-19 years)
Not pooled. Wahlund 2015: MD 3.70 (95% CI -1.21 to 8.61), n=57 (relaxation 28, appliance 29); Wahlund 2003: MD not reported, n=83 (relaxation 41, appliance 42). Both studies were in adolescents; the occlusal appliance…
2 studies · 140 participants
GRADE not reported
Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer
Hope-based intervention showed no clear difference in pain intensity compared with pain education; GRADE not reported.
1 finding from 1 review
Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer
1 finding from 1 review
Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer
Hypnosis showed no clear difference in pain intensity compared with relaxation; GRADE not reported.
1 finding from 1 review
Not pooled (clinical heterogeneity). Abrahamsen 2011: MD -1.00 (95% CI -2.27 to 0.27), n=38 (hypnosis 19, relaxation 19); Stam 1984: MD not reported, n=27 (hypnosis 12, relaxation 15).
2 studies · 65 participants
GRADE not reported
Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer
Habit reversal treatment led to lower pain intensity compared with waiting-list control; GRADE not reported.
1 finding from 1 review
Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer
1 finding from 1 review
Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer
CBT plus hypnosis (combined package) led to lower pain intensity compared with usual care; GRADE not reported.
1 finding from 1 review
Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer
1 finding from 1 review
Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to severe pain of…
Oral celecoxib (COX-2 inhibitor) showed no clear difference in pain intensity (VAS) compared with placebo; GRADE not reported.
1 finding from 1 review
Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to severe pain of…
Oral naproxen (NSAID) led to lower pain intensity (VAS) compared with placebo; GRADE not reported.
1 finding from 1 review
Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to severe pain of…
Oral glucosamine hydrochloride/chondroitin sulphate showed no clear difference in pain intensity (VAS) compared with placebo; GRADE not reported.
1 finding from 1 review
Reduction in pain intensity · Adults over 18 years of age with chronic orofacial pain (temporomandibular disorder (TMD))
Hypnosis led to lower pain intensity (short term) compared with relaxation; GRADE not reported.
1 finding from 1 review
Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies)
Analgesic (any: NSAID, paracetamol, local anaesthetic or opioid) probably leads to lower pain intensity (VAS 0-100 mm) compared with control (placebo or no treatment) (moderate certainty).
3 findings from 1 review
MD -11.66 [-16.15, -7.17]
10 studies · 685 participants
Moderate
MD -21.19 [-28.31, -14.06]
12 studies · 1012 participants
Moderate
MD -24.27 [-31.44, -17.11]
9 studies · 535 participants
Moderate
Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies)
It is very uncertain whether ibuprofen taken pre-emptively (about 1 hour before treatment) changes pain intensity (VAS 0-100 mm) compared with ibuprofen taken post-treatment (very low certainty).
3 findings from 1 review
MD -9.74 [-47.88, 28.40]
2 studies · 69 participants
Very low
MD -11.30 [-16.27, -6.33]
1 study · 41 participants
Very low
MD -8.43 [-30.37, 13.50]
2 studies · 69 participants
Very low
Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies)
NSAID (systemic) showed no clear difference in pain intensity (VAS 0-100 mm) compared with paracetamol (low certainty).
3 findings from 1 review
MD -5.17 [-11.71, 1.37]
7 studies · 664 participants
Low
MD -0.51 [-8.93, 7.92]
9 studies · 734 participants
Low
MD -2.92 [-8.48, 2.65]
7 studies · 664 participants
Low
Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies)
It is very uncertain whether topical NSAID (ketoprofen chewing gum) changes pain intensity (VAS 0-100 mm) compared with local anaesthetic (benzocaine chewing gum) (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Pain intensity and lesion diameter · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and clinical examination;…
1 finding from 1 review
The authors report lower pain and smaller lesions in the camel thorn group up to 10 days after referral; a statistically significant difference in pain intensity was also reported.
1 study · 93 participants
GRADE not reported
Reduction in pain intensity · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to severe pain of…
Oral propranolol (beta-blocker) led to lower reduction in pain intensity (percentage of patients responding) compared with placebo; GRADE not reported.
2 findings from 1 review
Tchivileva et al 2010: a significantly greater percentage of patients (67.5% versus 32.5%) experienced reduction in pain intensity rating during the propranolol treatment period than the placebo treatment period (P =…
1 study · 40 participants
GRADE not reported
Tchivileva et al 2010: Reduction in pain intensity rating (primary outcome) comparing propranolol treatment to placebo treatment did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.104); pairwise differences between…
1 study · 40 participants
GRADE not reported
Pain (unpleasantness/intensity/palpation) · Patients with pain dysfunction syndrome (PDS) of all degrees of severity
Stabilisation splint (SS) showed no clear difference in pain (unpleasantness/intensity/palpation) compared with non-occluding splint; GRADE not reported.
1 finding from 1 review
RR 1.44 [0.81, 2.58]
3 studies
GRADE not reported
Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · Adults over 18 years of age with chronic orofacial pain (temporomandibular disorder (TMD))
Habit reversal led to lower pain intensity (short term / post-treatment) compared with waiting list control; GRADE not reported.
1 finding from 1 review
SMD -1.31 [-1.97, -0.65]
1 study
GRADE not reported