Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

1,495 questions · 1,554 findings · 140 reviews · Heart

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No studies found 272 · 17.5%GRADE not reported 44 · 2.8%Very low 329 · 21.2%Low 464 · 29.9%Moderate 319 · 20.5%High 126 · 8.1%

Summary of findings table ‐ Low‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets vs balanced‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets

Change in DBP (mmHg) at ≥ 12 months · overweight and obese participants with T2DM (weight‐reducing phase followed by weight‐maintenance phase)

1 finding from 1 review

Low‐carbohydrate versus balanced‐carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 99 participants
Very low

Summary of findings table ‐ Low‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets vs balanced‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets

HbA1c (glycated haemoglobin), change · overweight and obese participants with T2DM (weight‐reducing phase followed by weight‐maintenance phase)

1 finding from 1 review

Low‐carbohydrate versus balanced‐carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 160 participants
Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Low‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets vs balanced‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets

LDL cholesterol (mmol/L), change from baseline · overweight and obese participants with T2DM (weight‐reducing phase followed by weight‐maintenance phase)

1 finding from 1 review

Low‐carbohydrate versus balanced‐carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 145 participants
Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Low‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets vs balanced‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets

Number of participants per group with weight loss of at least 5% at ≥ 12 months · overweight and obese participants without T2DM (weight‐reducing phase only)

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Low‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets changes number of participants per group with weight loss of at least 5% at… compared with balanced‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Low‐carbohydrate versus balanced‐carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.11 [0.94, 1.31]
2 studies · 137 participants
Very low

Summary of findings table ‐ Low‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets vs balanced‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets

Constipation at 3 to < 12 months ‐ not measured · overweight and obese participants with T2DM (weight‐reducing phase followed by weight‐maintenance phase)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Low‐carbohydrate versus balanced‐carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Summary of findings table ‐ Low‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets vs balanced‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets

Cardiovascular mortality ‐ not measured · overweight and obese participants without T2DM (weight‐reducing phase only)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Low‐carbohydrate versus balanced‐carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Summary of findings table ‐ Low‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets vs balanced‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets

Change in DBP (mmHg) at ≥ 12 months · overweight and obese participants without T2DM (weight‐reducing phase only)

1 finding from 1 review

Low‐carbohydrate versus balanced‐carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
11 studies · 1419 participants
Moderate

Summary of findings table ‐ Low‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets vs balanced‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets

LDL cholesterol (mmol/L), change from baseline · overweight and obese participants without T2DM (weight‐reducing phase only)

1 finding from 1 review

Low‐carbohydrate versus balanced‐carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
13 studies · 1494 participants
Moderate

Summary of findings table ‐ Low‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets vs balanced‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets

Constipation · overweight and obese participants without T2DM (weight‐reducing phase only)

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Low‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets changes constipation at 3 to < 12 months compared with balanced‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Low‐carbohydrate versus balanced‐carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.06 [0.81, 1.38]
4 studies · 564 participants
Very low

Summary of findings table ‐ Low‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets vs balanced‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets

Change in body weight (kg) at 3 to < 12 months ‐ not measured · overweight and obese participants without T2DM (weight‐reducing phase followed by weight maintenance phase)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Low‐carbohydrate versus balanced‐carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Summary of findings table ‐ Low‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets vs balanced‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets

Change in weight (kg) · overweight and obese participants without T2DM (weight‐reducing phase followed by weight maintenance phase)

1 finding from 1 review

Low‐carbohydrate versus balanced‐carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 73 participants
Low

High vs low blood pressure target

Acute kidney injury · adults undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass

It is very uncertain whether high changes acute kidney injury compared with low blood pressure target (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

High versus low blood pressure targets for cardiac surgery while on cardiopulmonary bypass 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.3 [0.81, 2.08]
2 studies · 487 participants
Very low

High vs low blood pressure target

Cognitive deterioration · adults undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass

High showed no clear difference in cognitive deterioration compared with low blood pressure target (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

High versus low blood pressure targets for cardiac surgery while on cardiopulmonary bypass 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.82 [0.45, 1.5]
2 studies · 389 participants
Low

High vs low blood pressure target

All‐cause mortality · adults undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass

It is very uncertain whether high changes all‐cause mortality compared with low blood pressure target (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

High versus low blood pressure targets for cardiac surgery while on cardiopulmonary bypass 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.33 [0.3, 5.9]
3 studies · 737 participants
Very low

High vs low blood pressure target

Quality of life · adults undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass

It is very uncertain whether high changes quality of life compared with low blood pressure target (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

High versus low blood pressure targets for cardiac surgery while on cardiopulmonary bypass 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.78 [0.3, 2.01]
1 study · 218 participants
Very low

High vs low blood pressure target

Acute ischaemic stroke · adults undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass

It is very uncertain whether high changes acute ischaemic stroke compared with low blood pressure target (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

High versus low blood pressure targets for cardiac surgery while on cardiopulmonary bypass 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.29 [0.07, 23.63]
2 studies · 426 participants
Very low

High vs low blood pressure target

Length of hospital stay · adults undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass

1 finding from 1 review

High versus low blood pressure targets for cardiac surgery while on cardiopulmonary bypass 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 540 participants
Very low

High vs low blood pressure target

Perioperative transfusion of blood products · adults undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass

1 finding from 1 review

High versus low blood pressure targets for cardiac surgery while on cardiopulmonary bypass 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 540 participants
Very low

PCC vs usual care

Red blood cell transfusions (Subnet based on 69 studies including 18,684 participants) · cardiac surgery for the treatment of non‐surgical bleeding

1 finding from 1 review

Prothrombin complex concentrate in cardiac surgery for the treatment of coagulopathic bleeding 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 151 participants
Moderate

PCC vs FVIIa

Blood products transfused (RBC) % of patients · cardiac surgery for the treatment of non‐surgical bleeding

It is very uncertain whether PCC changes blood products transfused (RBC) % of patients compared with FVIIa (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prothrombin complex concentrate in cardiac surgery for the treatment of coagulopathic bleeding 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.16 [0.02, 1.56]
1 study · 150 participants
Very low