Probiotics showed no clear difference in CDAD (baseline risk 3‐5%) compared with control (low certainty).
Probiotics probably leads to lower CDAD (baseline risk >5%) compared with control (moderate certainty).
Probiotics showed no clear difference in incidence of C. difficile infection: complete case compared with control (moderate certainty).
It is very uncertain whether probiotics changes adverse Events: complete case compared with control (very low certainty).
Probiotics may leads to lower incidence AAD: complete case compared with control (low certainty).
Probiotics may leads to lower AAD (Adults) compared with control (low certainty).
Probiotics probably leads to lower AAD (Children) compared with control (moderate certainty).
It is very uncertain whether bismuth subsalicylate changes clinical response compared with placebo (very low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether bismuth subsalicylate changes histological response compared with placebo (very low certainty).
Budesonide may leads to higher clinical response compared with mesalazine (low certainty).
Budesonide may leads to higher histological response compared with mesalazine (low certainty).
Budesonide showed no clear difference in adverse events compared with mesalazine (low certainty).
Mesalazine showed no clear difference in clinical response compared with mesalazine + cholestyramine (low certainty).
Mesalazine showed no clear difference in histological response compared with mesalazine + cholestyramine (low certainty).
Beclometasone dipropionate showed no clear difference in clinical response at 8 weeks compared with mesalazine (low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether beclometasone dipropionate changes maintenance of clinical response at 12 weeks compared with mesalazine (very low certainty).
Chemoradiotherapy showed no clear difference in overall survival compared with chemoradiotherapy plus surgery (high certainty).
Chemoradiotherapy probably leads to lower freedom from locoregional relapse compared with chemoradiotherapy plus surgery (moderate certainty).
Chemoradiotherapy may leads to higher treatment‐related mortality compared with chemoradiotherapy plus surgery (low certainty).