Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

2,252 questions · 2,353 findings · 210 reviews · Neonatal

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No studies found 432 · 18.4%GRADE not reported 99 · 4.2%Very low 609 · 25.9%Low 737 · 31.3%Moderate 385 · 16.4%High 91 · 3.9%

Intervention not reported

Length gain (cm/week) · preterm infants

1 finding from 1 review

Multi‐nutrient fortification of human milk for preterm infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
10 studies · 741 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Head growth (cm/week) · preterm infants

1 finding from 1 review

Multi‐nutrient fortification of human milk for preterm infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
11 studies · 821 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Mental development index (MDI) at 18 months · preterm infants

1 finding from 1 review

Multi‐nutrient fortification of human milk for preterm infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 245 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Psychomotor development index (PDI) at 18 months · preterm infants

1 finding from 1 review

Multi‐nutrient fortification of human milk for preterm infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 245 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Necrotising enterocolitis · preterm infants

The intervention showed no clear difference in necrotising enterocolitis (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Multi‐nutrient fortification of human milk for preterm infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.37 [0.72, 2.63]
13 studies · 1110 participants
Low

Protein supplementation vs control

Rate of weight gain (g/kg/day) · preterm infants

1 finding from 1 review

Protein supplementation of human milk for promoting growth in preterm infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 101 participants
Low

Protein supplementation vs control

Linear growth (cm/week) · preterm infants

1 finding from 1 review

Protein supplementation of human milk for promoting growth in preterm infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 68 participants
Low

Protein supplementation vs control

Growth: head circumference (cm/week) · preterm infants

1 finding from 1 review

Protein supplementation of human milk for promoting growth in preterm infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 68 participants
Low

Protein supplementation vs control

Neurodevelopmental outcomes · preterm infants

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Protein supplementation of human milk for promoting growth in preterm infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Protein supplementation vs control

Length of hospital stay · preterm infants

1 finding from 1 review

Protein supplementation of human milk for promoting growth in preterm infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 20 participants
Very low

Protein supplementation vs control

Feeding intolerance · preterm infants

It is very uncertain whether protein supplementation changes feeding intolerance compared with control (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Protein supplementation of human milk for promoting growth in preterm infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.7 [0.13, 58.24]
1 study · 17 participants
Very low

Protein supplementation vs control

Necrotising enterocolitis · preterm infants

It is very uncertain whether protein supplementation changes necrotising enterocolitis compared with control (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Protein supplementation of human milk for promoting growth in preterm infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.11 [0.07, 18.49]
1 study · 76 participants
Very low

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) vs supplemental oxygen

Treatment failure (death or use of additional ventilatory support) · preterm infants with respiratory distress for initial respiratory support

It is very uncertain whether CPAP changes treatment failure (death or use of additional ventilatory support) compared with supplemental oxygen (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for respiratory distress in preterm infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.64 [0.5, 0.82]
5 studies · 322 participants
Very low

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) vs supplemental oxygen

Use of assisted ventilation · preterm infants with respiratory distress for initial respiratory support

It is very uncertain whether CPAP changes use of assisted ventilation compared with supplemental oxygen (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for respiratory distress in preterm infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.72 [0.54, 0.96]
3 studies · 233 participants
Very low

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) vs supplemental oxygen

All‐cause mortality · preterm infants with respiratory distress for initial respiratory support

CPAP probably leads to lower mortality compared with supplemental oxygen (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for respiratory distress in preterm infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.53 [0.34, 0.83]
5 studies · 322 participants
Moderate

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) vs supplemental oxygen

Pneumothorax · preterm infants with respiratory distress for initial respiratory support

CPAP may leads to higher pneumothorax occurring after allocation compared with supplemental oxygen (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for respiratory distress in preterm infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.91 [1.38, 6.13]
4 studies · 270 participants
Low

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) vs supplemental oxygen

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia at 28 days · preterm infants with respiratory distress for initial respiratory support

It is very uncertain whether CPAP changes bronchopulmonary dysplasia (oxygen dependency at 28 days) compared with supplemental oxygen (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for respiratory distress in preterm infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.04 [0.35, 3.13]
2 studies · 209 participants
Very low

Early vs late continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

Use of IPPV before discharge · preterm infants with respiratory distress for initial respiratory support

It is very uncertain whether early changes use of IPPV before discharge compared with late continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Early versus delayed continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for respiratory distress in preterm infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.77 [0.43, 1.38]
4 studies · 119 participants
Very low

Early vs late continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

All cause mortality (timing not specified) · preterm infants with respiratory distress for initial respiratory support

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Early versus delayed continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for respiratory distress in preterm infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Early vs late continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

Failure of treatment ‐ death or intermittent positive‐pressure ventilation (IPPV) before hospital discharge · preterm infants with respiratory distress for initial respiratory support

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Early versus delayed continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for respiratory distress in preterm infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found