What do systematic reviews say?

Spinal manipulative therapy vs other interventions

• Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low‐back pain 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 1402 participants
  High
• Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low‐back pain 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 1323 participants
  Moderate

Spinal manipulative therapy vs other interventions

• Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low‐back pain 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 1418 participants
  High

Spinal manipulative therapy vs other interventions

Spinal manipulative therapy probably leads to higher recovery at 1 month compared with all other interventions (moderate certainty).

• Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low‐back pain 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.2 [1.04, 1.37]
  3 studies · 370 participants
  Moderate

Spinal manipulative therapy plus another intervention vs the intervention alone

• Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low‐back pain 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 228 participants
  Low
• Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low‐back pain 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 1016 participants
  High
• Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low‐back pain 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 1000 participants
  High

Spinal manipulative therapy plus another intervention vs the intervention alone

• Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low‐back pain 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 156 participants
  Low
• Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low‐back pain 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 994 participants
  High

Spinal manipulative therapy plus another intervention vs the intervention alone

• Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low‐back pain 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 1078 participants
  High

Spinal manipulative therapy plus another intervention vs the intervention alone

It is very uncertain whether spinal manipulative therapy plus any intervention changes recovery at one month compared with the intervention alone (very low certainty).

• Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low‐back pain 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3.4 [1.12, 10.28]
  1 study · 32 participants
  Very low

Spinal manipulative therapy vs inert interventions

It is very uncertain whether spinal manipulative therapy changes recovery at 1 month compared with inert interventions (very low certainty).

• Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low‐back pain 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.03 [0.49, 2.19]
  1 study · 72 participants
  Very low
• Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low‐back pain 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.96 [0.56, 1.65]
  1 study · 70 participants
  Very low

Spinal manipulative therapy vs sham SMT

• Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low‐back pain 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 148 participants
  Very low
• Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low‐back pain 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 55 participants
  Very low
• Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low‐back pain 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 51 participants
  Very low

Spinal manipulative therapy vs sham SMT

• Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low‐back pain 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 65 participants
  Very low

Workplace interventions vs no intervention

• Workplace interventions for neck pain in workers 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 267 participants
  Low

Summary of findings: Behavioural treatments vs waiting list control

• Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 74 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 48 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 61 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 47 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 51 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 61 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 47 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 51 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 77 participants
  Low