What do systematic reviews say?

Supervised maintenance programme following pulmonary rehabilitation vs usual care

Supervised maintenance programme following pulmonary rehabilitation showed no clear difference in mortality compared with usual care (moderate certainty).

• Supervised maintenance programmes following pulmonary rehabilitation compared to usual care for chronic obstructive… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.73 [0.36, 1.51]
  6 studies · 755 participants
  Moderate

Supervised maintenance programme following pulmonary rehabilitation vs usual care

• Supervised maintenance programmes following pulmonary rehabilitation compared to usual care for chronic obstructive… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  24 participants
  GRADE not reported

Breathing exercises vs inactive control

• Breathing exercises for adults with asthma 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 974 participants
  Moderate

Breathing exercises vs inactive control

• Breathing exercises for adults with asthma 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 115 participants
  Low

Breathing exercises vs inactive control

• Breathing exercises for adults with asthma 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 118 participants
  Moderate

Breathing exercises vs inactive control

• Breathing exercises for adults with asthma 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 952 participants
  Very low

Breathing exercises vs inactive control

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Breathing exercises for adults with asthma 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Breathing exercises vs inactive control

• Breathing exercises for adults with asthma 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 252 participants
  Very low

Breathing exercises vs inactive control

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Breathing exercises for adults with asthma 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors vs placebo

• Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  29 studies · 20815 participants
  Moderate

Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors vs placebo

• Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  17 studies · 22108 participants
  High

Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors vs placebo

• Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 4245 participants
  Low

Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors vs placebo

• Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  12 studies · 7645 participants
  Moderate

Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors vs placebo

Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors leads to lower number of participants with 1 or more exacerbations compared with placebo (high certainty).

• Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.78 [0.73, 0.84]
  27 studies · 20382 participants
  High

Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors vs placebo

Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors may leads to higher number of participants experiencing an adverse event compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.3 [1.22, 1.38]
  30 studies · 21310 participants
  Low

Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors vs placebo

Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors leads to higher gastrointestinal adverse effects: diarrhoea compared with placebo (high certainty).

• Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 3.1 [2.74, 3.5]
  29 studies · 20623 participants
  High

Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors vs placebo

Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors probably leads to higher psychiatric adverse effects (roflumilast 500 µg) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 2.13 [1.79, 2.54]
  14 studies · 11168 participants
  Moderate

Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors vs placebo

Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors showed no clear difference in mortality compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.98 [0.77, 1.24]
  27 studies · 19786 participants
  Moderate

Titrated oxygen therapy vs high‐flow oxygen therapy

Titrated oxygen therapy may leads to lower mortality (respiratory‐ related and all‐cause compared with high‐flow oxygen therapy (low certainty).

• Oxygen therapy in the pre‐hospital setting for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.22 [0.05, 0.97]
  1 study · 214 participants
  Low

Titrated oxygen therapy vs high‐flow oxygen therapy

• Oxygen therapy in the pre‐hospital setting for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 214 participants
  Low