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What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

2,234 questions · 2,325 findings · 216 reviews · Airways

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No studies found 249 · 10.7%GRADE not reported 107 · 4.6%Very low 276 · 11.9%Low 751 · 32.3%Moderate 718 · 30.9%High 224 · 9.6%

Remote monitoring plus usual care vs usual care

Time to first hospitalisation after starting intervention · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

It is very uncertain whether remote monitoring plus usual care changes time to first hospitalisation after starting intervention compared with usual care (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Remote monitoring plus usual care vs usual care

Time to first COPD‐related re‐admission · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Remote monitoring plus usual care probably leads to lower time to first COPD‐related re‐admission compared with usual care (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Multi‐component intervention vs other treatments/routine care

Number experiencing adverse effects · the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

It is very uncertain whether multi‐component intervention changes adverse events: number of people experiencing an AE compared with other intervention or routine, usual care or control treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Multi‐component intervention vs other treatments/routine care

Number of participants experiencing any serious adverse events · the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Multi‐component intervention showed no clear difference in adverse events: number of people experiencing a serious adverse event compared with other intervention or routine, usual care or control treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Digital intervention with or without routine supported self‐management vs control

Self‐efficacy · the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
2 findings from 1 review

Multi‐component intervention vs other treatments/routine care

Exacerbations (number of people experiencing ≥ 1 exacerbations) · the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

It is very uncertain whether multi‐component intervention changes exacerbations: number of people experiencing at least one exacerbation compared with other intervention or routine, usual care or control treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Single component intervention vs control

Adherence to pharmacotherapy: number of people completing treatment · COPD

Single component intervention showed no clear difference in adherence to pharmacotherapy: number of people completing treatment compared with control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Multi‐component intervention vs control

Adverse events: number of people experiencing adverse events (all cause or COPD‐related), serious adverse events, mortality · COPD

Multi‐component intervention showed no clear difference in adverse events: number of people experiencing adverse events (all… compared with control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Single component intervention vs control

Exacerbations (number of people experiencing ≥ 1 exacerbations) · COPD

It is very uncertain whether single component intervention changes exacerbations: number of people experiencing exacerbations compared with control (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Single component intervention vs control

Adverse events: number of people experiencing adverse events (all cause or COPD‐related), serious adverse events, mortality · COPD

It is very uncertain whether single component intervention changes adverse events: number of people experiencing adverse events (all… compared with control (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Multi‐component intervention vs control

Adherence to pharmacotherapy: number of people achieving adherence to medication · COPD

Multi‐component intervention may leads to higher adherence to pharmacotherapy: number of people achieving adherence… compared with control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review