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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

767 questions · 780 findings · 55 reviews · Public Health

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No studies found 162 · 20.8%GRADE not reported 52 · 6.7%Very low 231 · 29.6%Low 191 · 24.5%Moderate 122 · 15.6%High 22 · 2.8%

Nutrition systems strengthening interventions targeting children vs no intervention or standard care to reduce stunting (height‐for‐age, length at 18 months)

Length (cm) · children under 5 years old

Nutrition systems strengthening interventions targeting children may leads to higher length (cm) at 18 months compared with no intervention or standard care to reduce stunting (height‐for‐age,… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Zinc supplementation in pregnant women vs supplementation without zinc or placebo to reduce stunting

Low birth weight (g) · pregnant women

Zinc supplementation in pregnant women showed no clear difference in low birth weight (g) compared with supplementation without zinc or placebo to reduce stunting (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Micronutrient or macronutrient supplementation interventions in children vs no intervention, or placebo to reduce stunting (height‐for‐age, length velocity, and length at 12 months)

Stunting · children under 5 years old

Micronutrient or macronutrient supplementation interventions in… showed no clear difference in height‐for‐age (z‐score) compared with no intervention, or placebo to reduce stunting (height‐for‐age,… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Micronutrient or macronutrient supplementation interventions in children vs no intervention, or placebo to reduce stunting (height‐for‐age, length velocity, and length at 12 months)

Height‐for‐age (z‐score) Length gain (6 months) · children under 5 years old
1 finding from 1 review

Micronutrient or macronutrient supplementation interventions in children vs no intervention, or placebo to reduce stunting (height‐for‐age, length velocity, and length at 12 months)

Height‐for‐age (%) at 18 months, 21 months Length gain · children under 5 years old
1 finding from 1 review

Micronutrient or macronutrient supplementation interventions in children vs no intervention, or placebo to reduce stunting (height‐for‐age, length velocity, and length at 12 months)

Length velocity (change in cm since start of supplementation) · children under 5 years old
1 finding from 1 review

Micronutrient or macronutrient supplementation interventions in children vs no intervention, or placebo to reduce stunting (height‐for‐age, length velocity, and length at 12 months)

Length velocity (cm/month) · children under 5 years old

It is very uncertain whether micronutrient or macronutrient supplementation interventions in… changes length velocity (cm/month) compared with no intervention, or placebo to reduce stunting (height‐for‐age,… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Micronutrient or macronutrient supplementation interventions in children vs no intervention, or placebo to reduce stunting (height‐for‐age, length velocity, and length at 12 months)

Length (cm) · children under 5 years old

Micronutrient or macronutrient supplementation interventions in… showed no clear difference in length (cm) at 12 months compared with no intervention, or placebo to reduce stunting (height‐for‐age,… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus other vitamins and minerals vs unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing folic acid nor any other vitamins and minerals)

Spina bifida · health: non‐randomised studies

It is very uncertain whether wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus… changes spina bifida compared with unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus other vitamins and minerals vs unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing folic acid nor any other vitamins and minerals)

Encephalocoele · health: non‐randomised studies

It is very uncertain whether wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus… changes encephalocoele compared with unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus other vitamins and minerals vs unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing folic acid nor any other vitamins and minerals)

Fatal anencephaly · health: non‐randomised studies

It is very uncertain whether wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus… changes fatal anencephaly compared with unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus other vitamins and minerals vs unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing folic acid nor any other vitamins and minerals)

Folate concentration Serum folate levels, measured between 6 and 12 months after entry to the study · health: non‐randomised studies
1 finding from 1 review

Wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus other vitamins and minerals vs unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing folic acid nor any other vitamins and minerals)

Anaemia · health: non‐randomised studies

It is very uncertain whether wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus… changes anaemia compared with unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review