What do systematic reviews say?

Anticholinergic medication vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether anticholinergics changes vomiting ‐ intraoperative compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.79 [0.4, 1.54]
  4 studies · 453 participants
  Very low

5‐HT3 antagonists vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether 5‐HT3 antagonists changes vomiting ‐ intraoperative compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.46 [0.29, 0.73]
  11 studies · 1414 participants
  Very low

Anticholinergic medication vs placebo

Anticholinergics may leads to lower vomiting ‐ postoperative compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.55 [0.41, 0.74]
  1 study · 161 participants
  Low

Sedation vs placebo

Sedatives probably leads to lower nausea ‐ intraoperative compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.65 [0.51, 0.82]
  8 studies · 593 participants
  Moderate
• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.25 [0.09, 0.71]
  2 studies · 145 participants
  Very low

Sedation vs placebo

Sedatives probably leads to lower vomiting ‐ intraoperative compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.35 [0.24, 0.52]
  8 studies · 593 participants
  Moderate

Sedation vs placebo

Sedatives may leads to lower vomiting ‐ postoperative compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.09 [0.03, 0.28]
  2 studies · 145 participants
  Low

Opioid antagonists vs placebo

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported
• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.75 [0.39, 1.45]
  1 study · 120 participants
  Low

Opioid antagonists vs placebo

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Opioid antagonists vs placebo

Opioid antagonists showed no clear difference in vomiting ‐ postoperative compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.25 [0.35, 4.43]
  1 study · 120 participants
  Low

Acupuncture or acupressure vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether acupressure/acupuncture changes nausea ‐ intraoperative compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.55 [0.41, 0.74]
  9 studies · 1221 participants
  Very low
• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.46 [0.27, 0.75]
  7 studies · 1069 participants
  Very low

Acupuncture or acupressure vs placebo

Acupressure/acupuncture may leads to lower vomiting ‐ intraoperative compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.52 [0.33, 0.8]
  9 studies · 1221 participants
  Low

Acupuncture or acupressure vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether acupressure/acupuncture changes vomiting ‐ postoperative compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.52 [0.34, 0.79]
  7 studies · 1069 participants
  Very low

Ginger vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether ginger changes nausea ‐ intraoperative compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.66 [0.36, 1.21]
  2 studies · 331 participants
  Very low
• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.63 [0.22, 1.77]
  1 study · 92 participants
  Very low

Ginger vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether ginger changes vomiting ‐ intraoperative compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.62 [0.38, 1]
  2 studies · 331 participants
  Very low

Ginger vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether ginger changes vomiting ‐ postoperative compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.2 [0.02, 1.65]
  1 study · 92 participants
  Very low

5‐HT3 antagonists vs placebo

5‐HT3 antagonists may leads to lower vomiting ‐ postoperative compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.47 [0.31, 0.69]
  10 studies · 1450 participants
  Low

Dopamine antagonists vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether dopamine antagonists changes nausea ‐ intraoperative compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.38 [0.27, 0.52]
  15 studies · 1180 participants
  Very low
• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.61 [0.48, 0.79]
  7 studies · 601 participants
  Low

Dopamine antagonists vs placebo

Dopamine antagonists may leads to lower vomiting ‐ intraoperative compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.41 [0.28, 0.6]
  12 studies · 942 participants
  Low

Dopamine antagonists vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether dopamine antagonists changes vomiting ‐ postoperative compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.63 [0.44, 0.92]
  9 studies · 860 participants
  Very low

Paracetamol (single administration, any dose) vs placebo

Paracetamol (single administration, any dose) may leads to higher adequate pain relief as reported by women compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Paracetamol/acetaminophen (single administration) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.14 [1.59, 2.89]
  10 studies · 1279 participants
  Low