Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

2,293 questions · 2,395 findings · 172 reviews · Gut

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No studies found 420 · 17.5%GRADE not reported 60 · 2.5%Very low 821 · 34.3%Low 602 · 25.1%Moderate 397 · 16.6%High 95 · 4%

Probiotics and osmotic laxative vs osmotic laxative

Withdrawals due to adverse events · children with chronic constipation without a physical explanation

It is very uncertain whether probiotics and osmotic laxative changes withdrawal due to adverse events compared with osmotic laxative (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics for treatment of chronic constipation in children 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.86 [0.12, 68.35]
3 studies · 268 participants
Very low

Probiotics and osmotic laxative vs osmotic laxative

Serious adverse events · children with chronic constipation without a physical explanation

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics for treatment of chronic constipation in children 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 308 participants
GRADE not reported

Probiotics vs magnesium oxide

Frequency of defecation (mean number of bowel movements per week) · children with chronic constipation without a physical explanation

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics for treatment of chronic constipation in children 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 36 participants
Very low

Antidepressants vs placebo

Treatment success (caries lesion arrest or restoration survival) · children (4 to 18 years) with functional abdominal pain disorders

Antidepressant showed no clear difference in treatment success compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antidepressants for functional abdominal pain disorders in children and adolescents 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.17 [0.87, 1.56]
2 studies · 205 participants
Low

Antidepressants vs placebo

Withdrawals due to adverse events · children (4 to 18 years) with functional abdominal pain disorders

Antidepressant showed no clear difference in withdrawals due to adverse events compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antidepressants for functional abdominal pain disorders in children and adolescents 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 3.17 [0.65, 15.33]
3 studies · 238 participants
Low

Drain use vs No drain

All‐cause mortality · people undergoing elective pancreatic resections

Drain use showed no clear difference in mortality compared with no drain use following pancreatic surgery (low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Prophylactic abdominal drainage for pancreatic surgery 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.78 [0.31, 1.99]
4 studies · 1055 participants
Low
Prophylactic abdominal drainage for pancreatic surgery 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.23 [0.06, 0.9]
2 studies · 478 participants
Low

Active drain vs passive drain

Intra‐abdominal infection · people undergoing elective pancreatic resections

It is very uncertain whether active drain changes intra‐abdominal infection compared with passive drain following pancreatic surgery (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic abdominal drainage for pancreatic surgery 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.87 [0.21, 3.66]
2 studies · 321 participants
Very low

Active drain vs passive drain

Wound infection · people undergoing elective pancreatic resections

It is very uncertain whether active drain changes wound infection compared with passive drain following pancreatic surgery (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic abdominal drainage for pancreatic surgery 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.92 [0.44, 1.9]
2 studies · 321 participants
Very low

Active drain vs passive drain

Drain‐related complications · people undergoing elective pancreatic resections

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic abdominal drainage for pancreatic surgery 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 223 participants
Very low

Active drain vs passive drain

Morbidity · people undergoing elective pancreatic resections

It is very uncertain whether active drain changes morbidity compared with passive drain following pancreatic surgery (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic abdominal drainage for pancreatic surgery 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.97 [0.53, 1.77]
2 studies · 382 participants
Very low

Active drain vs passive drain

Length of hospital stay · people undergoing elective pancreatic resections

It is very uncertain whether active drain changes length of hospital stay compared with passive drain following pancreatic surgery (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic abdominal drainage for pancreatic surgery 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 321 participants
Very low

Early vs late drain removal following pancreatic surgery

All‐cause mortality · people undergoing elective pancreatic resections

It is very uncertain whether early changes mortality compared with late drain removal following pancreatic surgery (very low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Prophylactic abdominal drainage for pancreatic surgery 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.99 [0.06, 15.45]
3 studies · 399 participants
Very low
Prophylactic abdominal drainage for pancreatic surgery 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Early vs late drain removal following pancreatic surgery

Intra‐abdominal infection · people undergoing elective pancreatic resections

It is very uncertain whether early changes intra‐abdominal infection compared with late drain removal following pancreatic surgery (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic abdominal drainage for pancreatic surgery 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.44 [0.22, 0.89]
2 studies · 285 participants
Very low

Early vs late drain removal following pancreatic surgery

Wound infection · people undergoing elective pancreatic resections

It is very uncertain whether early changes wound infection compared with late drain removal following pancreatic surgery (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic abdominal drainage for pancreatic surgery 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.32 [0.45, 3.85]
2 studies · 285 participants
Very low

Early vs late drain removal following pancreatic surgery

Drain‐related complications · people undergoing elective pancreatic resections

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic abdominal drainage for pancreatic surgery 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Early vs late drain removal following pancreatic surgery

Morbidity · people undergoing elective pancreatic resections

It is very uncertain whether early changes morbidity compared with late drain removal following pancreatic surgery (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic abdominal drainage for pancreatic surgery 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.49 [0.3, 0.81]
2 studies · 258 participants
Very low

Early vs late drain removal following pancreatic surgery

Length of hospital stay · people undergoing elective pancreatic resections

It is very uncertain whether early changes length of hospital stay compared with late drain removal following pancreatic surgery (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic abdominal drainage for pancreatic surgery 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 399 participants
Very low

Drain use vs No drain

Intra‐abdominal infection · people undergoing elective pancreatic resections

It is very uncertain whether drain use changes intra‐abdominal infection compared with no drain use following pancreatic surgery (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic abdominal drainage for pancreatic surgery 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.97 [0.52, 1.8]
4 studies · 1055 participants
Very low

Drain use vs No drain

Wound infection · people undergoing elective pancreatic resections

Drain use showed no clear difference in wound infection compared with no drain use following pancreatic surgery (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic abdominal drainage for pancreatic surgery 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.98 [0.68, 1.41]
4 studies · 1055 participants
Low

Drain use vs No drain

Drain‐related complications · people undergoing elective pancreatic resections

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic abdominal drainage for pancreatic surgery 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 179 participants
Low