Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

715 questions · 767 findings · 53 reviews · Back and Neck

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No studies found 149 · 19.4%GRADE not reported 41 · 5.3%Very low 168 · 21.9%Low 226 · 29.5%Moderate 156 · 20.3%High 27 · 3.5%

Intervention not reported

Quality of life (SF‐36, Functional Component) short term · patients with chronic neck pain (pain for more than 90 days)

1 finding from 1 review

Acupuncture for neck disorders 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 143 participants
GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

Pain intensity (VAS) short term · patients with chronic neck pain (pain for more than 90 days)

1 finding from 1 review

Acupuncture for neck disorders 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 30 participants
Moderate

Back School vs combined physical therapies

Pain (short‐term) Pain index1. Scale from: 0 to 70. · participants with acute or subacute low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Back schools for acute and subacute non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 30 participants
Very low

Back School vs joint manipulation

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · participants with acute or subacute low‐back pain

2 findings from 1 review

Back schools for acute and subacute non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 59 participants
Very low
Back schools for acute and subacute non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 54 participants
Very low

Back School vs joint manipulation

Back‐specific functional status · participants with acute or subacute low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Back schools for acute and subacute non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 59 participants
Very low

Back School vs joint manipulation

Disability (intermediate‐term) RMDQ. Scale from: 0 to 24. · participants with acute or subacute low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Back schools for acute and subacute non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 55 participants
Very low

Back School vs joint manipulation

Adverse events Number of events · participants with acute or subacute low‐back pain

It is very uncertain whether back school changes adverse events Number of events compared with joint manipulation (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Back schools for acute and subacute non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.02 [0.35, 2.94]
1 study · 97 participants
Very low

Back School vs combined myofascial therapy and joint manipulation

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · participants with acute or subacute low‐back pain

2 findings from 1 review

Back schools for acute and subacute non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 62 participants
Very low
Back schools for acute and subacute non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 63 participants
Very low

Back School vs combined myofascial therapy and joint manipulation

Back‐specific functional status · participants with acute or subacute low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Back schools for acute and subacute non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 62 participants
Very low

Back School vs combined myofascial therapy and joint manipulation

Disability (intermediate‐term) RMDQ. Scale from: 0 to 24. · participants with acute or subacute low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Back schools for acute and subacute non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 62 participants
Very low

Back School vs combined myofascial therapy and joint manipulation

Adverse events Number of events · participants with acute or subacute low‐back pain

It is very uncertain whether back school changes adverse events Number of events compared with combined myofascial therapy and joint manipulation (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Back schools for acute and subacute non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.93 [0.34, 2.57]
1 study · 100 participants
Very low

Back School vs combined physical therapies

Duration of sick‐leave Sick‐leave > 21 days · participants with acute or subacute low‐back pain

It is very uncertain whether back school changes duration of sick‐leave Sick‐leave > 21 days compared with combined physical therapies (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Back schools for acute and subacute non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.64 [0.41, 1.01]
1 study · 116 participants
Very low

Back school + other treatment vs other treatment alone

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · participants with acute or subacute low‐back pain

2 findings from 1 review

Back schools for acute and subacute non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 156 participants
Very low
Back schools for acute and subacute non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 140 participants
Very low

Back school + other treatment vs other treatment alone

Pain (long‐term) VAS. Scale from: 0 to 10. · participants with acute or subacute low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Back schools for acute and subacute non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 141 participants
Very low

Back school + other treatment vs other treatment alone

Disability (Roland‐Morris Disability Questionnaire) Scale from: 0 to 23; 0 is no disability. · participants with acute or subacute low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Back schools for acute and subacute non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 156 participants
Very low

Back school + other treatment vs other treatment alone

Disability (intermediate‐term) RMDQ. Scale from: 0 to 24. · participants with acute or subacute low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Back schools for acute and subacute non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 140 participants
Very low

Back school + other treatment vs other treatment alone

Disability Long‐term (≥ 12 months) Disability scores converted to 0 to 100 scale to allow for comparison of different disability scales (RMDQ, ODI, JOA) · participants with acute or subacute low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Back schools for acute and subacute non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 141 participants
Very low

Back school + other treatment vs other treatment alone

Work absence · participants with acute or subacute low‐back pain

It is very uncertain whether back school + other treatment changes work absence at 30 days Number of participants on sick‐leave compared with other treatment alone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Back schools for acute and subacute non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.94 [0.76, 1.16]
1 study · 168 participants
Very low

Back School vs Community care: advice only

Days of sick‐leave at 1 year · participants with acute or subacute low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Back schools for acute and subacute non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 56 participants
Very low

Back School vs short‐wave diathermy at the lowest intensity

Pain (short‐term) Pain index1. Scale from: 0 to 70. · participants with acute or subacute low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Back schools for acute and subacute non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 29 participants
Very low