Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

1,337 questions · 1,354 findings · 566 reviews

No studies found 307 · 22.7%GRADE not reported 81 · 6%Very low 424 · 31.3%Low 310 · 22.9%Moderate 189 · 14%High 43 · 3.2%

Macrolides vs placebo

Serious adverse events (including mortality) · adults and children with chronic asthma

Macrolides showed no clear difference in serious adverse events (including mortality) Weighted mean study… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral propranolol vs placebo

Adverse events experienced at short or long term ‐ Serious adverse events 24 weeks' · infantile haemangiomas (strawberry birthmarks) of the skin

Oral propranolol showed no clear difference in adverse events experienced at short or long term ‐ Serious adverse… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Chemical peeling vs placebo or no treatment

Serious or severe adverse events N of participants with positive severe adverse events · people with acne scars

It is very uncertain whether chemical peeling changes serious or severe adverse events N of participants with positive… compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Nicotine EC vs non‐nicotine EC

Serious adverse events at 1 week to 1 year Assessed via self‐report and medical records · People who smoke cigarettes

Nicotine EC showed no clear difference in serious adverse events at 1 week to 1 year Assessed via self‐report… compared with non‐nicotine EC (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Nicotine EC vs NRT

Serious adverse events at 4 weeks to 1 year Assessed via self‐report and medical records · people who smoke

Nicotine EC showed no clear difference in serious adverse events at 4 weeks to 1 year Assessed via self‐report… compared with NRT (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Recombinant zoster vaccine vs placebo

Participants with adverse events ‐ serious adverse events Clinical or laboratory criteria · healthy older adults aged ≥ 60 years

Recombinant zoster vaccine showed no clear difference in participants with adverse events ‐ serious adverse eventsClinical or… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Non‐serious local adverse events (low risk of bias) inactivated HAV vaccine ICH‐GCP 1997 · patients with preventing hepatitis A.

The intervention showed no clear difference in non‐serious local adverse events (low risk of bias) inactivated HAV… (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Nicotine EC vs behavioural support only/no support

Serious adverse events – measured by self‐report and medical records · people who smoke

It is very uncertain whether nicotine EC changes serious adverse events at 4 weeks to 8 months Assessed via… compared with behavioural support only/no support (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Alemtuzumab 12 mg vs interferon beta‐1a

Adverse events, including serious adverse events Assessed by: number of participants with ≥ 1 event · adults with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis

Alemtuzumab 12 mg showed no clear difference in adverse events, including serious events Assessed by: number of… compared with interferon beta‐1a (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Adults: formoterol/ICS vs salmeterol/ICS

All‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ formoterol/budesonide vs salmeterol/budesonide · adults, chronic asthma: all‐cause mortality

Adults: formoterol/ICS showed no clear difference in all‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ formoterol/budesonide… compared with salmeterol/ICS (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Preoperative education vs usual care

Total number of serious adverse events (infection, thrombosis, other serious adverse events · patients with knee replacement surgery

Preoperative education showed no clear difference in total number of serious adverse events (infection, thrombosis, other… compared with usual care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Non‐serious systemic adverse events (low risk of bias) inactivated HAV vaccine ICH‐GCP 1997 · patients with preventing hepatitis A.

The intervention showed no clear difference in non‐serious systemic adverse events (low risk of bias) inactivated… (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccination vs placebo

Serious adverse events among subjects in the adverse event substudy clinical manifestations · people at risk for postherpetic neuralgia

Vaccination leads to higher serious adverse events among subjects in the adverse event substudy… compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Zinc vs placebo

Risk of serious adverse events, including those that may be complications of the common cold · adults and children with colds and/or upper respiratory infections

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Adults: formoterol/ICS vs salmeterol/ICS

All‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ formoterol and budesonide vs salmeterol and fluticasone · adults, chronic asthma: all‐cause mortality

Adults: formoterol/ICS showed no clear difference in all‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ formoterol/budesonide… compared with salmeterol/ICS (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Adults: formoterol/ICS vs salmeterol/ICS

All‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ formoterol/mometasone vs salmeterol/fluticasone · adults, chronic asthma: all‐cause mortality

Adults: formoterol/ICS showed no clear difference in all‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ formoterol/mometasone… compared with salmeterol/ICS (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Proportion of participants who experienced operative or postoperative serious adverse events · patients with multiple sclerosis and chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI)

The intervention showed no clear difference in proportion of participants who experienced operative or… (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Preoperative education vs usual care

Total number of serious adverse events (infection, thrombosis, other serious adverse events · hip replacement

It is very uncertain whether preoperative education changes total number of serious adverse events (infection, thrombosis, other… compared with usual care (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Non‐serious local adverse events (low risk of bias) live attenuated HAV vaccine ICH‐GCP 1997 · patients with preventing hepatitis A.

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Adults: formoterol/ICS vs salmeterol/ICS

All‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ formoterol/fluticasone vs salmeterol/fluticasone · adults, chronic asthma: all‐cause mortality

Adults: formoterol/ICS showed no clear difference in all‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ formoterol/fluticasone… compared with salmeterol/ICS (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review