Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

14 questions · 14 findings · 4 reviews · Airways

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No studies found 0 · 0%GRADE not reported 0 · 0%Very low 0 · 0%Low 3 · 21.4%Moderate 8 · 57.1%High 3 · 21.4%

Intervention not reported

Non‐fatal, serious adverse events (all) · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The intervention showed no clear difference in non‐fatal, serious adverse events (all) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled steroids and risk of pneumonia for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.01 [0.83, 1.22]
12 studies · 10009 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Non‐fatal, serious adverse events (all) · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The intervention showed no clear difference in non‐fatal, serious adverse events (all) (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled steroids and risk of pneumonia for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.06 [0.99, 1.14]
19 studies · 20381 participants
High

Children: formoterol/fluticasone vs regular salmeterol and fluticasone

Non‐fatal serious adverse events · children with chronic asthma

Children: formoterol/fluticasone showed no clear difference in all‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events compared with salmeterol/fluticasone (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Regular treatment with formoterol and an inhaled corticosteroid versus regular treatment with salmeterol and an… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 2.72 [0.38, 19.46]
2 studies · 548 participants
Low

Regular formoterol and ICS vs same‐dose ICS

Non‐fatal serious adverse events · adults, chronic asthma: all‐cause mortality

Regular formoterol and ICS showed no clear difference in all‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events compared with same‐dose ICS (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled steroids with and without regular formoterol for asthma: serious adverse events 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1 [0.87, 1.16]
32 studies · 35751 participants
High

Regular formoterol and ICS vs same‐dose ICS

Non‐fatal serious adverse events · children and adolescents with chronic asthma

Regular formoterol and ICS showed no clear difference in all‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events compared with same‐dose ICS (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled steroids with and without regular formoterol for asthma: serious adverse events 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.33 [0.71, 2.49]
10 studies · 4035 participants
Moderate

Regular salmeterol vs salbutamol

All‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ children · patients with chronic asthma

Regular salmeterol showed no clear difference in all‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ children compared with regular salbutamol (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Regular treatment with salmeterol for chronic asthma: serious adverse events 2008 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.37 [0.71, 2.64]
3 studies · 1181 participants
Moderate

Regular salmeterol vs placebo

All‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ children · patients with chronic asthma

Regular salmeterol showed no clear difference in all‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ children compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Regular treatment with salmeterol for chronic asthma: serious adverse events 2008 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.3 [0.82, 2.05]
5 studies · 1333 participants
Moderate

Regular salmeterol vs salbutamol

All‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ adults and adolescents · patients with chronic asthma

Regular salmeterol showed no clear difference in all‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ adults and adolescents compared with regular salbutamol (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Regular treatment with salmeterol for chronic asthma: serious adverse events 2008 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.96 [0.85, 1.1]
5 studies · 27002 participants
Moderate

Regular salmeterol vs placebo

All‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ adults and adolescents · patients with chronic asthma

Regular salmeterol leads to higher all‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ adults and adolescents compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Regular treatment with salmeterol for chronic asthma: serious adverse events 2008 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.14 [1.01, 1.28]
13 studies · 30196 participants
High

Adults: formoterol/ICS vs salmeterol/ICS

All‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ formoterol/budesonide vs salmeterol/budesonide · adults, chronic asthma: all‐cause mortality

Adults: formoterol/ICS showed no clear difference in all‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ formoterol/budesonide… compared with salmeterol/ICS (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Regular treatment with formoterol and an inhaled corticosteroid versus regular treatment with salmeterol and an… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 7.45 [0.15, 375.68]
1 study · 229 participants
Low

Adults: formoterol/ICS vs salmeterol/ICS

All‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ formoterol and budesonide vs salmeterol and fluticasone · adults, chronic asthma: all‐cause mortality

Adults: formoterol/ICS showed no clear difference in all‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ formoterol/budesonide… compared with salmeterol/ICS (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Regular treatment with formoterol and an inhaled corticosteroid versus regular treatment with salmeterol and an… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.14 [0.82, 1.59]
7 studies · 5935 participants
Moderate

Adults: formoterol/ICS vs salmeterol/ICS

All‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ formoterol/mometasone vs salmeterol/fluticasone · adults, chronic asthma: all‐cause mortality

Adults: formoterol/ICS showed no clear difference in all‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ formoterol/mometasone… compared with salmeterol/ICS (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Regular treatment with formoterol and an inhaled corticosteroid versus regular treatment with salmeterol and an… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.02 [0.47, 2.2]
2 studies · 1126 participants
Moderate

Adults: formoterol/ICS vs salmeterol/ICS

All‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ formoterol/fluticasone vs salmeterol/fluticasone · adults, chronic asthma: all‐cause mortality

Adults: formoterol/ICS showed no clear difference in all‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ formoterol/fluticasone… compared with salmeterol/ICS (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Regular treatment with formoterol and an inhaled corticosteroid versus regular treatment with salmeterol and an… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.05 [0, 3.1]
2 studies · 293 participants
Low

Adults: formoterol/ICS vs salmeterol/ICS

All‐cause non‐fatal SAE ‐ Adults · adults, chronic asthma: all‐cause mortality

Adults: formoterol/ICS showed no clear difference in all‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐… compared with salmeterol/ICS (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Regular treatment with formoterol and an inhaled corticosteroid versus regular treatment with salmeterol and an… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.94 [0.43, 2.08]
6 studies · 1941 participants
Moderate