What do systematic reviews say?

Summary of findings table ‐ Silicone earplugs vs no earplugs

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Silicone earplugs changes all‐cause mortality during hospital stay compared with no earplugs (very low certainty).

• Noise or sound management in the neonatal intensive care unit for preterm or very low birth weight infants 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.07 [0.64, 6.7]
  1 study · 34 participants
  Very low

Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) vs placebo or no intervention

Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) may leads to lower all‐cause mortality during hospital stay compared with placebo or no intervention (low certainty).

• Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotising enterocolitis in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.57 [0.35, 0.93]
  6 studies · 416 participants
  Low

Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) vs immunoglobulin M‐enriched intravenous immunoglobulin with antibiotics

It is very uncertain whether pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) changes all‐cause mortality during hospital stay compared with immunoglobulin M‐enriched intravenous immunoglobulin with antibiotics (very low certainty).

• Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotising enterocolitis in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.25 [0.36, 4.39]
  1 study · 102 participants
  Very low

Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) vs pentoxifylline with antibiotics and immunoglobulin M‐enriched intravenous immunoglobulin

It is very uncertain whether pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) changes all‐cause mortality during hospital stay compared with pentoxifylline with antibiotics and immunoglobulin M‐enriched… (very low certainty).

• Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotising enterocolitis in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.71 [0.24, 2.1]
  1 study · 102 participants
  Very low

Early treatment vs expectant management

Early treatment showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality during hospital stay compared with expectant management (moderate certainty).

• Early treatment versus expectant management of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus for preterm infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.8 [0.46, 1.39]
  6 studies · 500 participants
  Moderate

Very early treatment vs expectant management

Very early treatment showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality during hospital stay compared with expectant management (moderate certainty).

• Early treatment versus expectant management of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus for preterm infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.94 [0.58, 1.53]
  7 studies · 384 participants
  Moderate

LMA vs endotracheal tube (ETT)

• Laryngeal mask airway versus endotracheal tube for percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy in critically ill adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 40 participants
  Very low

Paracetamol vs ibuprofen

Paracetamol showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality during initial hospital stay(by clinical… compared with ibuprofen (moderate certainty).

• Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.09 [0.8, 1.48]
  8 studies · 734 participants
  Moderate

Early paracetamol vs placebo or no intervention

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Late paracetamol vs placebo or no intervention

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Paracetamol plus ibuprofen (oral or IV) vs ibuprofen plus placebo (oral or IV) or no intervention

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Paracetamol vs indomethacin

Paracetamol showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality during initial hospital stay (by clinical… compared with indomethacin (low certainty).

• Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.86 [0.39, 1.92]
  2 studies · 114 participants
  Low

Prophylactic administration of paracetamol vs placebo or no intervention

Prophylactic administration of paracetamol showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality during initial hospital stay (by clinical… compared with placebo or no intervention (low certainty).

• Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.59 [0.24, 1.44]
  3 studies · 240 participants
  Low

Levofloxacin vs usual care

It is very uncertain whether levofloxacin changes all‐cause mortality during hospital stay and all‐cause mortality at… compared with standard treatment (very low certainty).

• A comparison of different antibiotic regimens for the treatment of infective endocarditis 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.12 [0.49, 2.56]
  1 study · 70 participants
  Very low

Glycopeptide (vancomycin or teicoplanin) plus aminoglycoside (gentamicin) vs beta‐lactam (cloxacillin) plus aminoglycoside (gentamicin)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• A comparison of different antibiotic regimens for the treatment of infective endocarditis 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Beta‐lactam (ceftriaxone) plus aminoglycoside (gentamicin) vs beta‐lactam (ceftriaxone)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• A comparison of different antibiotic regimens for the treatment of infective endocarditis 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Fosfomycin plus imipenem vs vancomycin

It is very uncertain whether fosfomycin plus imipenem changes all‐cause mortality during hospital stay and all‐cause mortality at… compared with vancomycin (very low certainty).

• A comparison of different antibiotic regimens for the treatment of infective endocarditis 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 7 [0.47, 103.27]
  1 study · 8 participants
  Very low

Partial oral treatment vs conventional intravenous treatment of endocarditis on the left side of the heart (on native or prosthetic valves) and bacteraemia

It is very uncertain whether partial oral treatment changes all‐cause mortality during hospital stay and all‐cause mortality at… compared with conventional intravenous treatment of endocarditis on the left side… (very low certainty).

• A comparison of different antibiotic regimens for the treatment of infective endocarditis 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.53 [0.22, 1.31]
  1 study · 400 participants
  Very low

Lipopeptide antibiotic (daptomycin) vs aminoglycoside (low‐dose gentamicin) plus anti‐staphylococcal penicillin (nafcillin, oxacillin or flucloxacillin) or glycopeptide antibiotic (vancomycin)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• A comparison of different antibiotic regimens for the treatment of infective endocarditis 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Statins vs control

Statins showed no clear difference in early all‐cause mortality (≤ 3 months) Reported at: 60 days; and… compared with control (moderate certainty).

• Pharmacological agents for adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.99 [0.78, 1.26]
  3 studies · 1344 participants
  Moderate