Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

4,918 questions · 5,537 findings · 1,803 reviews

No studies found 1,309 · 23.6%GRADE not reported 440 · 7.9%Very low 1,560 · 28.2%Low 1,292 · 23.3%Moderate 751 · 13.6%High 185 · 3.3%

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First‐line thiazides vs calcium channel blockers

Total serious adverse events Duration: 1.75 to 3 years · patients with hypertension

First‐line thiazides showed no clear difference in total serious adverse events Duration: 1.75 to 3 years compared with first‐line calcium channel blockers (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Ocrelizumab vs placebo

Number of participants with any serious adverse events · primary progressive multiple sclerosis

Ocrelizumab showed no clear difference in number of participants with any serious adverse events compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Ocrelizumab vs interferon beta‐1a

Number of participants with any serious adverse events · patients with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis

Ocrelizumab showed no clear difference in number of participants with any serious adverse events compared with interferon beta‐1a (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Next‐generation ALK inhibitor vs crizotinib

Grade 5 adverse events (excluding progressive disease) · advanced anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)‐rearranged non‐small cell lung cancer

Next‐generation ALK inhibitor showed no clear difference in grade 5 adverse events (excluding progressive disease) compared with crizotinib (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

ALK inhibitor vs any cytotoxic chemotherapy

Grade 5 adverse events (excluding progressive disease) · advanced anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)‐rearranged non‐small cell lung cancer

ALK inhibitor showed no clear difference in grade 5 adverse events (excluding progressive disease) compared with any cytotoxic chemotherapy (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Cediranib plus chemotherapy vs placebo plus chemotherapy

Specific adverse events: serious thromboembolic events · women with persistent, recurrent, or metastatic cervical cancer

It is very uncertain whether cediranib plus chemotherapy changes specific adverse events: serious thromboembolic events compared with placebo plus chemotherapy (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Bevacizumab plus chemotherapy vs chemotherapy alone

Specific adverse events: serious thromboembolic events · women with persistent, recurrent, or metastatic cervical cancer

Bevacizumab plus chemotherapy probably leads to higher specific adverse events: serious thromboembolic events compared with chemotherapy (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Paracetamol vs placebo

Maternal adverse events · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains.

It is very uncertain whether paracetamol changes maternal adverse events (up to 4 hours and at 6 hours) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Paracetamol vs NSAIDs

Maternal adverse events · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains.

It is very uncertain whether paracetamol changes maternal adverse events (up to 4 hours and at 6 hours) compared with NSAID (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Aspirin vs placebo

Adverse events in the child ‐ Congenital malformations · women with persistent antiphospholipid antibodies and recurrent pregnancy loss

It is very uncertain whether aspirin changes adverse events in the child ‐ Congenital malformations compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

NSAIDs vs placebo

Proportion of participants experiencing adverse events · Patients with acute low‐back pain

It is very uncertain whether NSAIDs changes proportion of participants experiencing adverse events compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotic 1 vs antibiotic 2

Adverse events: cotrimoxazole (1) versus cefprozil (2) · children with primarily normal renal tracts who have experienced at least one UTI

Antibiotic 1 showed no clear difference in adverse events: cotrimoxazole (1) versus cefprozil (2) compared with antibiotic 2 (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Lithium vs ARIPIPRAZOLE

Adverse events: clinically relevant (> 7%) weight gain · acute mania

Lithium showed no clear difference in adverse events: clinically relevant (> 7%) weight gain compared with aripiprazole (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Tramadol vs placebo

Number experiencing adverse effects · Patients with osteoarthritis of the knee or hip

Tramadol alone probably leads to higher number of participants experiencing any adverse events compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review