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What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

4 questions · 4 findings · 3 reviews · Airways

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No studies found 0 · 0%GRADE not reported 0 · 0%Very low 1 · 25%Low 2 · 50%Moderate 0 · 0%High 1 · 25%

LABA/LAMA vs LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)

Number of participants experiencing any serious adverse events · stable COPD

Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting… showed no clear difference in serious adverse events (number of people experiencing ≥ 1 SAEs) compared with LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Multi‐component intervention vs other treatments/routine care

Number of participants experiencing any serious adverse events · the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Multi‐component intervention showed no clear difference in adverse events: number of people experiencing a serious adverse event compared with other intervention or routine, usual care or control treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Multi‐component intervention vs control

Adverse events: number of people experiencing adverse events (all cause or COPD‐related), serious adverse events, mortality · COPD

Multi‐component intervention showed no clear difference in adverse events: number of people experiencing adverse events (all… compared with control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Single component intervention vs control

Adverse events: number of people experiencing adverse events (all cause or COPD‐related), serious adverse events, mortality · COPD

It is very uncertain whether single component intervention changes adverse events: number of people experiencing adverse events (all… compared with control (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review