What do systematic reviews say?

Vitamin A plus iron plus folate vs iron plus folate

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Vitamin supplementation for preventing miscarriage 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

NSAIDs vs placebo

NSAIDs may leads to higher all adverse effects compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for dysmenorrhoea 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.29 [1.11, 1.51]
  Studies not reported
  Low

Laser therapy vs plastic tube

Laser showed no clear difference in all adverse effects compared with plastic tube (moderate certainty).

• Interventions for dysphagia in oesophageal cancer 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 2.33 [0.87, 6.24]
  2 studies · 80 participants
  Moderate

Covered Ultraflex SEMS vs covered Wallstent

Covered Ultraflex SEMS showed no clear difference in all adverse effects compared with covered Wallstent (moderate certainty).

• Interventions for dysphagia in oesophageal cancer 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.61 [0.27, 1.38]
  2 studies · 120 participants
  Moderate

Anti‐reflux vs standard open stent

Anti‐reflux showed no clear difference in all adverse effects compared with standard open stent (moderate certainty).

• Interventions for dysphagia in oesophageal cancer 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.86 [0.38, 1.94]
  2 studies · 106 participants
  Moderate

Analgesic‐decongestant vs placebo

Analgesic‐decongestant leads to higher adverse effects: all compared with placebo (high certainty).

• Oral antihistamine‐decongestant‐analgesic combinations for the common cold 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.62 [1.18, 2.23]
  6 studies · 1797 participants
  High

Antihistamine‐decongestant vs placebo

Antihistamine‐decongestant showed no clear difference in adverse effects: all compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Oral antihistamine‐decongestant‐analgesic combinations for the common cold 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.58 [0.78, 3.21]
  7 studies · 842 participants
  Moderate

Intravenous iron vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether intravenous iron changes mild adverse effects compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Intravenous iron therapy for non‐anaemic, iron‐deficient adults 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.19 [0.97, 1.45]
  3 studies · 440 participants
  Very low

Pharmacists' non‐dispensing roles targeting non‐hospitalised patients vs the delivery of no comparable service

Pharmacists' non‐dispensing roles targeting non‐hospitalised patients showed no clear difference in adverse drug effects compared with the delivery of no comparable service (low certainty).

• Pharmacist services for non‐hospitalised patients 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.65 [0.84, 3.24]
  590 participants
  Low

Vitamin E vs placebo

• Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for preventing age‐related macular degeneration 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Low

Topical corticosteroids vs placebo or no treatment

Topical corticosteroids showed no clear difference in adverse effects (any) compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

• Topical corticosteroids for treating phimosis in boys 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.28 [0.03, 2.62]
  11 studies · 1091 participants
  Low

Atypical antipsychotics vs placebo

Atypical antipsychotics may leads to higher adverse effects (AEs) compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Pharmacological intervention for irritability, aggression, and self‐injury in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 4.19
  11 studies · 974 participants
  Low

Calcineurin inhibitors ± oral steroids vs oral steroids alone

Calcineurin inhibitors ± oral steroids may leads to lower adverse effects: acne compared with oral steroids alone (low certainty).

• Interventions for minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.15 [0.03, 0.67]
  4 studies · 270 participants
  Low

Intranasal steroid spray vs placebo or no intervention

• Interventions for the prevention of persistent post‐COVID‐19 olfactory dysfunction 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 77 participants
  Very low

Intranasal steroid drops vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for the prevention of persistent post‐COVID‐19 olfactory dysfunction 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Nifedipine vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether nifedipine changes total adverse effects compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Nifedipine for primary dysmenorrhoea 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.94 [0.08, 10.9]
  1 study · 24 participants
  Very low

Natural cycle vs programmed cycle

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Endometrial preparation for women undergoing embryo transfer with frozen embryos or embryos derived from donor oocytes 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Transdermal oestrogens vs oral oestrogens

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Endometrial preparation for women undergoing embryo transfer with frozen embryos or embryos derived from donor oocytes 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Starting administration of the progestogen earlier vs starting administration of the progestogen later

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Endometrial preparation for women undergoing embryo transfer with frozen embryos or embryos derived from donor oocytes 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

GnRH agonists vs control

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Endometrial preparation for women undergoing embryo transfer with frozen embryos or embryos derived from donor oocytes 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found