Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

1,949 questions · 1,994 findings · 636 reviews

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No studies found 504 · 25.3%GRADE not reported 340 · 17.1%Very low 477 · 23.9%Low 390 · 19.6%Moderate 241 · 12.1%High 42 · 2.1%

Electrical stimulation vs No active treatment (control)

Adverse effects · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Electrical stimulation plus drug therapy vs drug therapy alone

Adverse effects · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

It is very uncertain whether electrical stimulation plus drug therapy changes adverse effects compared with drug therapy alone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.45 [0.04, 4.55]
1 study · 38 participants
Very low

Electrical stimulation (ES) once a week vs ES three times a week

Adverse effects ( · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 35 participants
Very low

Sensory threshold electrical stimulation (ES) vs motor threshold ES

Adverse effects · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Electrical stimulation vs Placebo / sham solution

Adverse effects · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

Electrical stimulation showed no clear difference in adverse effects compared with placebo or sham treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.24 [0.84, 1.83]
3 studies · 450 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Adverse effects · adults with hearing loss who use hearing aids

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to improve hearing aid use in adult auditory rehabilitation 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

Adverse effects · adults with hearing loss who use hearing aids

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to improve hearing aid use in adult auditory rehabilitation 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Sulodexide + local treatment vs local treatment

Adverse effects · people with venous leg ulcers

It is very uncertain whether sulodexide + local treatment changes adverse effects compared with local treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Sulodexide for treating venous leg ulcers 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.44 [0.48, 4.34]
2 studies · 344 participants
Very low

Adhesively bonded amalgam restorations in conventional preparations utilising deliberate retention (all bonding agents) vs Amalgam restoration

Adverse effects · Adults and adolescents with permanent posterior molar and premolar teeth suitable for Class I and II, but excluding Class V, amalgam…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Adhesively bonded versus non‐bonded amalgam restorations for dental caries 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
Adverse effects: any event for which the causal relationship between the event and the amalgam restoration is at least a reasonable possibility - not measured | See comment | See comment | Not estimable | - | See…
0 studies
No studies found

Low‐level laser therapy vs placebo

Adverse effects · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for treating burning mouth syndrome 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
short-term (up to 3 months)
SoF6: No included study reported the occurrence of adverse events.
0 studies
No studies found

Non-specific immunotherapy (recombinant interleukin-2 or BCG cell wall preparation) plus standard therapy vs Standard therapy alone (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy)

Adverse effects · People with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity or oropharynx

Non-specific immunotherapy (recombinant interleukin-2 or BCG cell… showed no clear difference in adverse effects compared with standard therapy alone; GRADE not reported.

9 findings from 1 review

Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Moderate to severe chills (BCG-CWP, all grades)
RR 11.00 [0.67, 179.29]
1 study · 24 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Nausea/vomiting (rIL-2, grades >=3)
RR 3.40 [0.15, 77.34]
1 study · 30 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Stomatitis (rIL-2, all grades)
RR 1.47 [0.75, 2.90]
1 study · 30 participants
GRADE not reported

Show 6 more findings

Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Leukopenia (rIL-2, all grades)
RR 0.57 [0.22, 1.50]
1 study · 30 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Increased temperature (BCG-CWP, all grades)
RR 0.67 [0.13, 3.30]
1 study · 24 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Leukopenia (rIL-2, grades >=3)
RR 0.38 [0.04, 3.26]
1 study · 30 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Nausea/vomiting (rIL-2, all grades)
RR 1.24 [0.90, 1.70]
1 study · 30 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Stomatitis (rIL-2, grades >=3)
RR 1.71 [0.33, 8.83]
1 study · 30 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Gastrointestinal complaints (BCG-CWP, all grades)
RR 5.00 [0.27, 94.34]
1 study · 24 participants
GRADE not reported

Tyrosine kinase inhibitor (erlotinib, gefitinib or lapatinib) plus standard therapy (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy) vs Standard therapy alone (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy)

Adverse effects · People with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity or oropharynx

Tyrosine kinase inhibitor (erlotinib, gefitinib or lapatinib) plus… led to higher adverse effects compared with standard therapy alone (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy); GRADE not reported.

9 findings from 1 review

Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
40 to 60 months · Skin toxicity (lapatinib, all grades)
RR 2.02 [1.23, 3.32]
1 study · 67 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
40 to 60 months · Gastrointestinal complaints (gefitinib, all grades)
RR 1.04 [0.98, 1.11]
1 study · 226 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
40 to 60 months · Gastrointestinal complaints (lapatinib, all grades)
RR 15.53 [2.18, 110.55]
1 study · 67 participants
GRADE not reported

Show 6 more findings

Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
40 to 60 months · Skin toxicity (erlotinib, all grades)
RR 6.57 [3.60, 12.00]
1 study · 191 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
40 to 60 months · Mucositis (grades >=3)
RR 1.22 [0.96, 1.56]
2 studies · 286 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
40 to 60 months · Mucositis (all grades)
RR 1.03 [0.94, 1.11]
2 studies · 286 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
40 to 60 months · Skin toxicity (gefitinib, all grades)
RR 1.03 [0.82, 1.28]
2 studies · 286 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
40 to 60 months · Gastrointestinal complaints (grades >=3, pooled)
RR 1.11 [0.83, 1.49]
3 studies · 484 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
40 to 60 months · Skin toxicity (grades >=3, pooled)
RR 1.25 [0.54, 2.88]
4 studies · 544 participants
GRADE not reported

EGFR monoclonal antibody (cetuximab or nimotuzumab) plus standard therapy (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy) vs Standard therapy alone (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy)

Adverse effects · People with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity or oropharynx

10 findings from 1 review

Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Mucositis (all grades)
Mucositis all grades: not estimable due to high heterogeneity (P=0.0009; I2=86%) between subgroups (cetuximab; nimotuzumab) and within cetuximab (I2=93%); 1417 participants, 3 studies. Table 3, row 1.6 (Ang 2014;…
3 studies · 1417 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Skin toxicity/acneiform rash (cetuximab, all grades)
RR 6.56 [5.35, 8.03]
2 studies · 1311 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Xerostomia (grades >=3)
RR 1.36 [0.80, 2.31]
2 studies · 1311 participants
GRADE not reported

Show 7 more findings

Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Skin toxicity/acneiform rash (nimotuzumab, grades >=3)
RR 0.20 [0.01, 4.05]
1 study · 92 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Skin toxicity/acneiform rash (nimotuzumab, all grades)
RR 1.06 [0.85, 1.31]
1 study · 92 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Dysphagia (all grades)
RR 0.97 [0.92, 1.03]
3 studies · 1403 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Skin toxicity/acneiform rash (cetuximab, grades >=3)
RR 17.72 [8.33, 37.73]
3 studies · 1403 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Dysphagia (grades >=3)
RR 0.93 [0.83, 1.04]
3 studies · 1403 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Mucositis (grades >=3)
RR 1.20 [0.96, 1.51]
4 studies · 1495 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Xerostomia (all grades)
RR 0.97 [0.91, 1.04]
3 studies · 1417 participants
GRADE not reported

Xylitol lozenges (4.7 g/day) vs no treatment

Adverse effects · Children (permanent teeth; baseline 8 to 10 years)

1 finding from 1 review

Xylitol‐containing products for preventing dental caries in children and adults 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 months (48-month follow-up)
There were no usable data presented for adverse effects. Lenkkeri 2012.
1 study
GRADE not reported

Fluoride toothpaste containing 10% xylitol vs Fluoride toothpaste alone

Adverse effects · Children with permanent teeth (schoolchildren)

1 finding from 1 review

Xylitol‐containing products for preventing dental caries in children and adults 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
2.5 to 3 years
Adverse effects: both studies reported that there were no adverse effects in either the xylitol or control group.
2 studies · 4216 participants
GRADE not reported

Xylitol candy (7.5 g/day) vs Control (sorbitol) candy

Adverse effects · Children (mixed dentition; baseline about 8 years)

1 finding from 1 review

Xylitol‐containing products for preventing dental caries in children and adults 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
36 months
The authors reported that there were no adverse effects for either group. Honkala 2014.
1 study · 252 participants
GRADE not reported

Acupoint PC6 stimulation and antiemetic combination vs antiemetics

Adverse effects · People at risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting

1 finding from 1 review

Stimulation of the wrist acupuncture point PC6 for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 7 participants
GRADE not reported

Acupoint PC6 stimulation vs sham

Adverse effects · People at risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting

1 finding from 1 review

Stimulation of the wrist acupuncture point PC6 for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 35 participants
GRADE not reported

Acupoint PC6 stimulation vs antiemetics

Adverse effects · People at risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting

1 finding from 1 review

Stimulation of the wrist acupuncture point PC6 for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 11 participants
GRADE not reported

Decreasing fluids vs increasing fluids

Adverse effects · adults with urinary incontinence

1 finding from 1 review

Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of urinary incontinence in adults 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 93 participants
Very low