What do systematic reviews say?

Chlorhexidine mouthrinse (any concentration; 0.05% to 0.2%) used in conjunction with mechanical oral hygiene procedures vs Placebo/control mouthrinse, or no mouthrinse (mechanical oral hygiene alone); controls pooled (protocol's separate comparisons versus mechanical oral hygiene alone and versus placebo/control merged)

• Chlorhexidine mouthrinse as an adjunctive treatment for gingival health 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SoF narrative row (Other adverse effects): 22 trials reported at least 1 adverse effect apart from extrinsic tooth staining and calculus formation in the chlorhexidine rinse arms. The adverse effects most commonly…
  22 studies
  GRADE not reported

S‐adenosyl methionine as monotherapy vs tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)

S‐adenosyl methionine as monotherapy may leads to lower acceptability. Participants experiencing troublesome adverse effects… compared with tricyclic antidepressant agent (low certainty).

• S‐adenosyl methionine (SAMe) for depression in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.68 [0.52, 0.88]
  3 studies · 604 participants
  Low

S‐adenosyl methionine as monotherapy vs SSRI

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• S‐adenosyl methionine (SAMe) for depression in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

S‐adenosyl methionine as adjunctive treatment vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• S‐adenosyl methionine (SAMe) for depression in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

S‐adenosyl methionine as monotherapy vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• S‐adenosyl methionine (SAMe) for depression in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Tacrolimus 0.1% vs corticosteroids

Tacrolimus 0.1% probably leads to higher adverse effects: burning ‐ tacrolimus 0.1% versus hydrocortisone… compared with corticosteroids (moderate certainty).

• Topical tacrolimus for atopic dermatitis 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.91 [1.6, 5.28]
  1 study · 371 participants
  Moderate
• Topical tacrolimus for atopic dermatitis 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 4.59 [3.1, 6.78]
  1 study · 377 participants
  Moderate
• Topical tacrolimus for atopic dermatitis 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3.79 [2.99, 4.81]
  1 study · 972 participants
  Moderate

Interferon vs placebo

Interferon showed no clear difference in adverse effects during use of the preventative intervention (fever)… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Interventions for prevention of herpes simplex labialis (cold sores on the lips) 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.96 [1, 3.84]
  1 study · 44 participants
  Moderate

BENZODIAZEPINES AS SOLE TREATMENT vs placebo

• Benzodiazepines for schizophrenia 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 161 participants
  Very low

Benzodiazepines vs antipsychotics

It is very uncertain whether BENZODIAZEPINES changes leaving the study early due to adverse effects (overall tolerability… compared with ANTIPSYCHOTICS (very low certainty).

• Benzodiazepines for schizophrenia 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 13 [0.78, 216.39]
  5 studies · 444 participants
  Very low

Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor therapy combined with laser/cryotherapy vs conventional laser/cryotherapy

It is very uncertain whether anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor therapy combined with… changes local adverse effects ‐ perioperative retinal haemorrhages (unit of… compared with laser/cryotherapy (very low certainty).

• Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs for treatment of retinopathy of prematurity 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.62 [0.24, 1.56]
  1 study · 152 participants
  Very low

Saline irrigation plus pharmacological treatment vs pharmacological treatment alone

• Saline irrigation for allergic rhinitis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Very low

WENDAN DECOCTION vs antipsychotics

WENDAN DECOCTION probably leads to lower adverse effects: Movement disorders ‐ Extra Pyramidal Symptoms… compared with ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUG (moderate certainty).

• Wendan decoction (Traditional Chinese medicine) for schizophrenia 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.02 [0, 0.15]
  2 studies · 140 participants
  Moderate

WENDAN DECOCTION PLUS NORMAL DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTIC vs STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS

WENDAN DECOCTION PLUS NORMAL DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTIC probably leads to lower adverse effects: Movement disorders ‐ Extra Pyramidal Symptoms… compared with NORMAL DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTIC (moderate certainty).

• Wendan decoction (Traditional Chinese medicine) for schizophrenia 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.46 [0.3, 0.7]
  2 studies · 308 participants
  Moderate

WENDAN DECOCTION PLUS LOW DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTIC vs STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS

WENDAN DECOCTION PLUS LOW DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTIC probably leads to lower adverse effects: Movement disorders ‐ Extra Pyramidal Symptoms… compared with NORMAL DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTIC (moderate certainty).

• Wendan decoction (Traditional Chinese medicine) for schizophrenia 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.29 [0.16, 0.51]
  3 studies · 280 participants
  Moderate

CHLORPROMAZINE vs QUETIAPINE

CHLORPROMAZINE may leads to higher adverse effects: any observed extrapyramidal symptoms ‐ short term… compared with QUETIAPINE (low certainty).

• Chlorpromazine versus atypical antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 8.03 [4.78, 13.51]
  8 studies · 644 participants
  Low

CHLORPROMAZINE vs OLANZAPINE

It is very uncertain whether CHLORPROMAZINE changes adverse effects: any observed extrapyramidal symptoms ‐ short term… compared with OLANZAPINE (very low certainty).

• Chlorpromazine versus atypical antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 34.47 [4.79, 248.3]
  2 studies · 298 participants
  Very low

CHLORPROMAZINE vs RISPERIDONE

It is very uncertain whether CHLORPROMAZINE changes adverse effects: any observed extrapyramidal symptoms ‐ short term… compared with RISPERIDONE (very low certainty).

• Chlorpromazine versus atypical antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.7 [0.85, 3.4]
  3 studies · 235 participants
  Very low

Levamisole vs placebo

• Interventions for prevention of herpes simplex labialis (cold sores on the lips) 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 99 participants
  Very low

INTERMITTENT (EARLY‐BASED) vs MAINTENANCE THERAPY

INTERMITTENT (EARLY‐BASED) showed no clear difference in adverse effects: tardive dyskinesia: long term (+26 weeks) as… compared with MAINTENANCE THERAPY (low certainty).

• Intermittent drug techniques for schizophrenia 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.56 [0.19, 1.7]
  1 study · 30 participants
  Low

Humour‐based interventions vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Humour‐based interventions for people with schizophrenia 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found