Primary study · included by 2 reviews

Zhao et al. 2023

ProbableThe reviews cited this study without a PMID, DOI or NCT, so it is matched by first author and year. Two different studies by the same author in the same year could be merged here.

Included by

The effectiveness of GAI-assisted teaching methods in medical education: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Non-Cochrane · intervention · 2026 · cited as Zhao et al. 2023 · Table 1; References 69

The review does not say which of its outcomes this study informs.

Adverse effects of removable orthodontic aligners: A systematic review with single-arm meta-analysis.

Non-Cochrane · intervention · 2026 · cited as Zhao 2023 · Table 1

Outcome this study informs	Pooled effect	Evidence	Certainty
Pain/discomfort after aligner placement (VAS 0 to 10) Removable clear aligner therapy (aligner arms only) vs None (single-arm synthesis of aligner groups) · 3 days	MEAN 1.55 [1.09, 2.21]	7 studies · 259 participants	Low
Pain/discomfort after aligner placement (VAS 0 to 10) Removable clear aligner therapy (aligner arms only) vs None (single-arm synthesis of aligner groups) · 24 hours	MEAN 3.06 [2.15, 4.37]	10 studies · 418 participants	Very low
Pain/discomfort after aligner placement (VAS 0 to 10) Removable clear aligner therapy (aligner arms only) vs None (single-arm synthesis of aligner groups) · 1 week	MEAN 1.08 [0.33, 3.51]	6 studies · 229 participants	Very low

2 including reviews in total.