Primary study · included by 2 reviews

Alcon 2021

ProbableThe reviews cited this study without a PMID, DOI or NCT, so it is matched by first author and year. Two different studies by the same author in the same year could be merged here.

Included by

Evaluation of Pain and Oral Health-Related Quality of Life Associated With Fixed Orthodontic Treatment in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Non-Cochrane · intervention · 2026 · cited as Alcon 2021 · Table 2; reference list

The review does not say which of its outcomes this study informs.

Comparative impact of clear aligners versus fixed orthodontic appliances on periodontal health, pain, and quality of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Non-Cochrane · intervention · 2026 · cited as Alcon 2021 · Table 2 row 8; Fig. 4

Outcome this study informs	Pooled effect	Evidence	Certainty
Pain intensity Clear aligners (Invisalign and similar removable aligners) vs Fixed orthodontic appliances (metal, self-ligating, ceramic, lingual brackets) · All follow-up time points (1 week to 6 months)	SMD -0.419 [-0.536, -0.302]	18 studies · 892 participants	Moderate

2 including reviews in total.