Non-Cochrane · other · PM42852219
Site-stratified global oral Helicobacter pylori prevalence: an updated meta-analysis of dental plaque and saliva studies (1989-2026).
Liu Yutong, Zeng Yanlin, Hu Jingxiao, et al. · Journal of oral microbiology · 2026 · PubMed · doi:10.1080/20002297.2026.2739484
Findings
33 findings
| Population | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Children and adults (clinical and community samples) tested for H. pylori in oral specimens, 24 countries | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | H. pylori prevalence in dental plaque Clinical and community settings worldwide (24 countries, 1989-2026) · Sensitivity: leave-one-out | Leave-one-out analysis for the plaque stratum produced pooled estimates from 48.5% to 52.6% GRADE not reported 39 studies · 3380 participants |
| Children and adults (clinical and community samples) tested for H. pylori in oral specimens, 24 countries | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | Oral H. pylori prevalence (any oral site) Clinical and community settings worldwide (24 countries, 1989-2026) · Meta-regression: publication year | Meta-regression slope (logit per year) -0.009 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Children and adults (clinical and community samples) tested for H. pylori in oral specimens, 24 countries | Not applicable (prevalence estimate) | Not applicable | Oral H. pylori prevalence (any oral site) Clinical and community settings worldwide (24 countries, 1989-2026) · Study level (one observation per cohort) | Prevalence (%) 49.9 [44.0, 55.7] Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision, inconsistency 49 studies · 6247 participants |
| People with oral specimens | Oral H. pylori detection | None | Oral H. pylori prevalence Dental plaque | Prevalence (%) 50.2 [43.4, 57.0] Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision, inconsistency 39 studies |
| People with oral specimens | Oral H. pylori detection | None | Oral H. pylori prevalence Saliva | Prevalence (%) 32.4 [21.2, 45.9] Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision, inconsistency 10 studies |
| People with oral specimens | Dental plaque | Saliva | Oral H. pylori prevalence Plaque versus saliva | Prevalence ratio 1.55 [0.82, 2.93] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| People with oral specimens | Oral H. pylori detection | None | Oral H. pylori prevalence Bayesian study-level sensitivity | Prevalence (%) 48.2 [36.7, 59.4] GRADE not reported 49 studies |
| People with oral specimens | Oral H. pylori detection | None | Oral H. pylori prevalence Overall, site observations | Prevalence (%) 45.5 [39.6, 51.6] GRADE not reported 53 studies |
| People with oral specimens | Oral H. pylori detection | None | Oral H. pylori prevalence Supragingival plaque | Prevalence (%) 48.3 [37.9, 58.8] GRADE not reported 8 studies |
| People with oral specimens | Oral H. pylori detection | None | Oral H. pylori prevalence Subgingival plaque or pocket | Prevalence (%) 66.8 [43, 84.3] GRADE not reported 4 studies |
| People with oral specimens | Oral H. pylori detection | None | Oral H. pylori prevalence Supragingival and subgingival pooled | Prevalence (%) 49.2 [37.2, 61.2] GRADE not reported 9 studies |
| People with oral specimens | Oral H. pylori detection | None | Oral H. pylori prevalence Plaque margin unspecified | Prevalence (%) 50.8 [40.6, 61] GRADE not reported 18 studies |
| People with oral specimens | Oral H. pylori detection | None | Oral H. pylori prevalence PCR plus other | Prevalence (%) 64 [48.8, 76.8] GRADE not reported 5 studies |
| People with oral specimens | Oral H. pylori detection | None | Oral H. pylori prevalence RUT/CLO | Prevalence (%) 53.9 GRADE not reported 6 studies |
| People with oral specimens | Oral H. pylori detection | None | Oral H. pylori prevalence PCR | Prevalence (%) 45.3 GRADE not reported 29 studies |
| People with oral specimens | Oral H. pylori detection | None | Oral H. pylori prevalence Immunoassay | Prevalence (%) 45.1 GRADE not reported 3 studies |
| People with oral specimens | Oral H. pylori detection | None | Oral H. pylori prevalence Culture | Prevalence (%) 39.7 GRADE not reported 4 studies |
| People with oral specimens | Oral H. pylori detection | None | Oral H. pylori prevalence Method unspecified | Prevalence (%) 15.5 [3.7, 46.3] GRADE not reported 4 studies |
| People with oral specimens | Oral H. pylori detection | None | Oral H. pylori prevalence South-East Asia | Prevalence (%) 63 GRADE not reported 5 studies |
| People with oral specimens | Oral H. pylori detection | None | Oral H. pylori prevalence Americas | Prevalence (%) 58.1 GRADE not reported 12 studies |
| People with oral specimens | Oral H. pylori detection | None | Oral H. pylori prevalence Eastern Mediterranean | Prevalence (%) 45.7 GRADE not reported 8 studies |
| People with oral specimens | Oral H. pylori detection | None | Oral H. pylori prevalence Europe | Prevalence (%) 45.2 GRADE not reported 15 studies |
| People with oral specimens | Oral H. pylori detection | None | Oral H. pylori prevalence Western Pacific | Prevalence (%) 31.4 GRADE not reported 11 studies |
| People with oral specimens | Oral H. pylori detection | None | Oral H. pylori prevalence Upper-middle-income countries | Prevalence (%) 54.5 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| People with oral specimens | Oral H. pylori detection | None | Oral H. pylori prevalence High-income countries | Prevalence (%) 37.0 GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| People with oral specimens | Oral H. pylori detection | None | Oral H. pylori prevalence Molecular detection: PCR and PCR plus other | Prevalence (%) 48.5 [39, 58] GRADE not reported 34 studies |
| People with oral specimens | Oral H. pylori detection | None | Oral H. pylori prevalence Full-text-verified records | Prevalence (%) 54.2 GRADE not reported 33 studies |
| People with oral specimens | Oral H. pylori detection | None | Oral H. pylori prevalence Abstract-verified records | Prevalence (%) 32.2 GRADE not reported 20 studies |
| People with oral specimens | Oral H. pylori detection | None | Oral H. pylori prevalence Caries | no estimate extracted GRADE not reported 1 study |
| People with oral specimens | Oral H. pylori detection | None | Oral H. pylori prevalence Oral mixed | no estimate extracted GRADE not reported 2 studies |
| People with oral specimens | Oral H. pylori detection | None | Oral H. pylori prevalence Tongue | no estimate extracted GRADE not reported 1 study |
| People with oral specimens | Oral H. pylori detection | None | Oral H. pylori prevalence Tooth type: anterior, premolar, molar | no estimate extracted No studies found 0 studies |
| People with oral specimens | Oral H. pylori detection | None | Oral H. pylori prevalence Jaw: maxilla versus mandible | no estimate extracted No studies found 0 studies |
Included primary studies 49
Open in Studies| Study | Year | Also included by | Outcomes it informs here | Trial data |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ahmad ZK 2024 Helicobacter pylori present in caries sample among dental caries patients. PMID:38990061 | 2024 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Al Asqah 2009 Is the presence of<i>Helicobacter pylori</i>in the Dental Plaque of Patients with Chronic Periodontitis a Risk Factor for Gastric Infection? DOI:10.1155/2009/950527 | 2009 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Allaker 2002 Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori at oral and gastrointestinal sites in children: evidence for possible oral-to-oral transmission DOI:10.1099/0022-1317-51-4-312 | 2002 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Amiri 2015 The frequency of Helicobacter pylori in dental plaque is possibly underestimated. PMID:25766471 | 2015 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Anand 2006 Are dental plaque, poor oral hygiene, and periodontal disease associated with Helicobacter pylori infection? PMID:16584352 | 2006 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Assumpção 2010 Helicobacter pylori in dental plaque and stomach of patients from Northern Brazil. PMID:20572307 | 2010 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Bali 2010 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Banatvala 1994 Use of the Polymerase Chain Reaction to Detect Helicobacter Pylori in the Dental Plaque of Healthy and Symptomatic Individuals DOI:10.3109/08910609409141568 | 1994 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Bernander 1993 Absence ofHelicobacter pylori in dental plaques inHelicobacter pylori positive dyspeptic patients DOI:10.1007/bf01967259 | 1993 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Berroteran 2002 Detection of Helicobacter pylori DNA in the oral cavity and gastroduodenal system of a Venezuelan population DOI:10.1099/0022-1317-51-9-764 | 2002 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Checchi 2000 Absence of Helicobacter pylori in dental plaque assessed by stool test DOI:10.1016/s0002-9270(00)02023-2 | 2000 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Cheng 1996 Helicobacter pylori in dental plaque and gastric mucosa DOI:10.1016/s1079-2104(96)80017-5 | 1996 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Chitsazi 2006 Helicobacter pylori in the dental plaque: is it of diagnostic value for gastric infection? PMID:16816816 | 2006 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Desai 1991 Dental Plaque: A Permanent Reservoir of<i>Helicobacter pylori?</i> DOI:10.3109/00365529108998615 | 1991 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ding 2015 Association of Salivary Helicobacter pylori Infection with Oral Diseases: a Cross-sectional Study in a Chinese Population. PMID:26392812 | 2015 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Diouf 2011 [Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori detected by real-time PCR in the subgingival plaque of patients with chronic periodontitis]. PMID:21688602 | 2011 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| El Khadir 2016 Detection of Helicobacter pylori urease antigen in saliva in patients with different gastric H. pylori status. PMID:27075365 | 2016 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Eskandari 2010 Detection of Helicobacter Pylori using PCR in dental plaque of patients with and without gastritis DOI:10.4317/medoral.15.e28 | 2009 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Fernández-Tilapa 2011 vacA genotypes in oral cavity and Helicobacter pylori seropositivity among adults without dyspepsia. PMID:20711119 | 2011 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Flores-Treviño 2019 Molecular detection of Helicobacter pylori based on the presence of cagA and vacA virulence genes in dental plaque from patients with… PMID:31210890 | 2019 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Guo R 2014 [Analysis of the infection status of saliva Helicobacter pylori in Lanzhou]. PMID:25241537 | 2014 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Hamada M 2019 Potential involvement of Helicobacter pylori from oral specimens in overweight body-mass index. PMID:30890723 | 2019 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Hardo 1995 Helicobacter pylori infection and dental care. DOI:10.1136/gut.37.1.44 | 1995 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kadota 2020 Distribution of Helicobacter pylori and Periodontopathic Bacterial Species in the Oral Cavity. PMID:32549275 | 2020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kignel 2005 Occurrence of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> in dental plaque and saliva of dyspeptic patients DOI:10.1111/j.1601-0825.2004.01043.x | 2005 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kim 2000 Helicobacter pylori in dental plaque and saliva. PMID:11242806 | 2000 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Krajden 1989 Examination of human stomach biopsies, saliva, and dental plaque for Campylobacter pylori DOI:10.1128/jcm.27.6.1397-1398.1989 | 1989 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Leszczynska 2009 Application of immunoassay for detection of Helicobacter pylori antigens in the dental plaque DOI:10.2478/v10039-009-0050-3 | 2009 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Liu 2009 An Epidemiologic Study on the Correlation Between Oral Helicobacter pylori and Gastric H. pylori DOI:10.1007/s00284-008-9341-3 | 2009 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Luman 1996 Helicobacter pylori in the mouth - negative isolation from dental plaque and saliva DOI:10.1097/00042737-199601000-00004 | 1996 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mapstone 1993 Identification of Helicobacter pylori DNA in the mouths and stomachs of patients with gastritis using PCR. DOI:10.1136/jcp.46.6.540 | 1993 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Martínez-Santos 2021 Helicobacter pylori prevalence in healthy Mexican children: comparison between two non-invasive methods. PMID:34249489 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Medina 2010 Molecular detection of Helicobacter pylori in oral samples from patients suffering digestive pathologies DOI:10.4317/medoral.15.e38 | 2009 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Nagata 2020 Current Prevalence of Oral Helicobacter pylori among Japanese Adults Determined Using a Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay. PMID:33374353 | 2020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Nguyen 1993 Detection of Helicobacter pylori in dental plaque by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction DOI:10.1128/jcm.31.4.783-787.1993 | 1993 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Oshowo 1998 <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> : The Mouth, Stomach, and Gut Axis DOI:10.1902/annals.1998.3.1.276 | 1998 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Qureshi 1999 Correlation of Histology, CLO, Dental Plaque, and Saliva in Patients Undergoing Upper GI Endoscopy DOI:10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.0861a.x | 1999 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sahin 2001 Detection of Helicobacter pylori in dental plaque and gastric biopsy samples of Turkish patients by PCR-RFLP. PMID:11475123 | 2001 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Samani 2026 Detection of Salivary Helicobacter pylori in Pediatric Patients and Its Association With Gastrointestinal and Oral Health. PMID:41646579 | 2026 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Silva Stevens 2010 Presence of Helicobacter pylori in supragingival dental plaque of individuals with periodontal disease and upper gastric diseases. PMID:20863482 | 2010 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Silva Tinoco 2010 Helicobacter pylori transiently in the mouth may participate in the transmission of infection. PMID:20835612 | 2010 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Song Haller 2000 Quantitation of Helicobacter pylori in dental plaque samples by competitive polymerase chain reaction. PMID:10823142 | 2000 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Song Spahr 2000 Helicobacter pylori in the oral cavity: high prevalence and great DNA diversity. PMID:11215732 | 2000 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Teoman 2007 Comparison of different methods to detect Helicobacter pylori in the dental plaque of dyspeptic patients DOI:10.1007/s00784-007-0104-5 | 2007 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Wahlfors 1995 Development of a rapid PCR method for identification of Helicobacter pylori in dental plaque and gastric biopsy specimens. PMID:8536726 | 1995 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Wang X 2021 [Combined detection of Helicobacter pylori 16S rRNA and cagA gene in saliva specimens using multiplex PCR]. PMID:35012913 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Wongphutorn P 2018 Detection and genotyping of Helicobacter pylori in saliva versus stool samples from asymptomatic individuals in Northeastern Thailand… PMID:29378521 | 2018 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Wongsuwanlert M 2024 Prevalence and virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori isolated from oral cavity of non-disease, gastritis, and gastric cancer patients. PMID:38618069 | 2024 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Young 2001 Morphological analysis of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> from gastric biopsies and dental plaque by scanning electron microscopy DOI:10.1034/j.1399-302x.2001.016003178.x | 2001 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
Review question
| Element | Planned (methods) | Found (results) |
|---|---|---|
| Population | Humans with an oral specimen tested for H. pylori (any population) | 6,247 unique participants (n=49 cohorts; 53 site-observations, 6,573 participants; 24 countries) |
| Intervention | Not applicable (prevalence); exposure strata: oral site, detection method | Oral sites: dental plaque (n=39), saliva (n=10), tongue (n=1), caries (n=1), oral-mixed (n=2); detection by PCR (n=29), RUT/CLO (n=6), PCR-plus-other (n=5), culture (n=4), unspecified (n=4), immunoassay (n=3), CLO plus culture (n=2) |
| Comparison | Not applicable; comparison between oral sites (dental plaque versus saliva) | Dental plaque versus saliva (n=49 observations) |
| Outcomes | Prevalence of H. pylori detected by any laboratory method in dental plaque, saliva, tongue coating, periodontal pocket or oral mucosa, with extractable numerator and denominator | Dental plaque prevalence (n=39); saliva prevalence (n=10); overall study-level (n=49) and observation-level (n=53) prevalence; tongue, caries and oral-mixed too sparse to pool |
| Study designs | Primary studies reporting oral H. pylori prevalence; reviews, animal or in vitro, serology-only, method-development and stool-based studies excluded | Observational prevalence studies (n=49 cohorts); Hoy risk-of-bias scoring pending full-text verification |
| Timing | Studies published 1989-2026 | Studies published 1989-2026 |