Non-Cochrane · intervention · PM42528672
Efficacy of traditional Chinese Medicine-based biological extracts in the treatment of oral lichen planus.
Chen Xiangyu, Wang Lekai, Xu Chaojun, et al. · Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026 · PubMed · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2026.1746366
Findings
Population Patients with oral lichen planus
124 findings
| TCM-based biological extracts (any) | Control (pooled comparators) | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -0.18 [-0.62, 0.27] GRADE not reported 17 studies · 683 participants |
| TCM-based biological extracts (any) | Control (pooled comparators) | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -0.86 [-1.36, -0.37] GRADE not reported 22 studies · 929 participants |
| Aloe vera | Control (pooled comparators) | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD 0.03 [-0.31, 0.37] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 160 participants |
| Aloe vera | Control (pooled comparators) | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -0.36 [-1.06, 0.33] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 276 participants |
| Curcumin | Control (pooled comparators) | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -0.41 [-1.23, 0.40] GRADE not reported 6 studies · 202 participants |
| Curcumin | Control (pooled comparators) | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -0.04 [-0.44, 0.36] GRADE not reported 6 studies · 202 participants |
| Lycopene | Control (pooled comparators) | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD 0.58 [-0.95, 2.11] GRADE not reported 3 studies · 98 participants |
| Lycopene | Control (pooled comparators) | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -0.79 [-1.79, 0.22] GRADE not reported 5 studies · 168 participants |
| Aloe vera (AV) | Chamaemelum (chamomile) | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD 2.07 [-0.24, 4.39] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Aloe vera (AV) | Chamaemelum (chamomile) | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD 0.56 [-0.93, 1.84] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Aloe vera (AV) | Curcumin | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD 0.30 [-0.48, 1.44] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Aloe vera (AV) | Curcumin | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD 0.07 [-1.23, 1.40] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Chamaemelum (chamomile) | Curcumin | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -0.25 [-1.40, 1.41] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Chamaemelum (chamomile) | Curcumin | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -2.02 [-4.27, 0.34] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Aloe vera (AV) | Echinacea | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD 2.61 [0.33, 4.89] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Aloe vera (AV) | Echinacea | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD 1.39 [-0.04, 2.70] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Chamaemelum (chamomile) | Echinacea | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD 0.53 [-2.37, 3.55] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Chamaemelum (chamomile) | Echinacea | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD 0.83 [-0.65, 2.37] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Curcumin | Echinacea | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD 2.55 [0.26, 4.83] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Curcumin | Echinacea | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD 1.08 [-0.52, 2.28] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Aloe vera (AV) | Honey | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD 1.64 [0.18, 2.92] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Aloe vera (AV) | Honey | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD 2.20 [-0.09, 4.48] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Chamaemelum (chamomile) | Honey | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD 0.13 [-2.83, 3.12] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Chamaemelum (chamomile) | Honey | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD 1.08 [-0.42, 2.56] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Curcumin | Honey | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD 2.15 [-0.15, 4.41] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Curcumin | Honey | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD 1.34 [-0.28, 2.48] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Echinacea | Honey | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -0.41 [-3.37, 2.54] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Echinacea | Honey | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD 0.25 [-1.27, 1.74] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Aloe vera (AV) | Levamisole | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -1.87 [-3.45, 0.01] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Chamaemelum (chamomile) | Levamisole | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -2.42 [-4.31, -0.11] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Curcumin | Levamisole | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -2.20 [-3.83, -0.56] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Echinacea | Levamisole | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -3.26 [-5.18, -1.04] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Honey | Levamisole | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -3.51 [-5.34, -1.20] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Aloe vera (AV) | Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -0.27 [-1.30, 0.76] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Chamaemelum (chamomile) | Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -0.83 [-2.48, 0.96] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Curcumin | Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -0.57 [-2.14, 0.66] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Echinacea | Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -1.66 [-3.30, 0.11] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Aloe vera | Lycopene | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5) End of treatment (2 to 16 weeks) | MD -0.27 [-1.30, 0.76] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Honey | Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -1.92 [-3.47, -0.12] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Levamisole | Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD 1.60 [-0.53, 3.47] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Chamaemelum (chamomile) | Lycopene | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -1.63 [-3.22, 0.40] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Chamaemelum (chamomile) | Lycopene | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -1.67 [-3.96, 0.80] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Aloe vera | Quercetin | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5) End of treatment (2 to 16 weeks) | MD -1.24 [-6.80, 4.14] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Curcumin | Lycopene | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -1.40 [-2.64, -0.15] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Curcumin | Lycopene | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD 0.34 [-0.99, 1.80] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Echinacea | Lycopene | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -2.46 [-4.04, -0.50] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Echinacea | Lycopene | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -2.20 [-4.50, 0.20] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Honey | Lycopene | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -1.79 [-4.06, 0.57] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Honey | Lycopene | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -2.71 [-4.27, -0.73] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Levamisole | Lycopene | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD 0.80 [-0.31, 1.92] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) | Lycopene | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -0.81 [-2.36, 1.01] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Aloe vera (AV) | Placebo (PBO) | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD 0.01 [-0.97, 0.80] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Chamaemelum (chamomile) | Placebo (PBO) | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -0.56 [-1.61, 0.53] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Curcumin | Placebo (PBO) | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -0.30 [-1.45, 0.39] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Echinacea | Placebo (PBO) | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks · Subgroup analysis of network meta-analysis: Placebo (PBO) as comparator (only significant comparisons reported in text) | MD -1.40 [-2.40, -0.40] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Chamaemelum (chamomile) | Quercetin | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10) End of treatment (2 to 16 weeks) | MD -1.67 [-3.96, 0.80] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Echinacea | Placebo (PBO) | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -1.38 [-2.48, -0.33] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Honey | Placebo (PBO) | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks · Subgroup analysis of network meta-analysis: Placebo (PBO) as comparator (only significant comparisons reported in text) | MD -1.60 [-2.60, -0.71] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Honey | Placebo (PBO) | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -1.63 [-2.66, -0.56] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Levamisole | Placebo (PBO) | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD 1.87 [-0.11, 3.46] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) | Placebo (PBO) | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD 0.28 [-1.16, 1.54] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Lycopene | Placebo (PBO) | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD 1.08 [-0.55, 2.30] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Aloe vera (AV) | Prednisolone | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD 0.34 [-0.40, 1.36] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Chamaemelum (chamomile) | Prednisolone | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -0.21 [-1.43, 1.46] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Curcumin | Prednisolone | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD 0.04 [-0.61, 0.63] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Echinacea | Prednisolone | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -1.04 [-2.28, 0.57] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Honey | Prednisolone | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -1.30 [-2.49, 0.35] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Levamisole | Prednisolone | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD 2.23 [0.71, 3.74] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) | Prednisolone | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD 0.60 [-0.60, 2.08] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Lycopene | Prednisolone | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD 1.44 [0.33, 2.51] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Prednisolone | Placebo (PBO) | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -0.34 [-1.53, 0.42] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Aloe vera (AV) | Probiotic | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD 13.49 [-4.89, 34.39] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Aloe vera (AV) | Probiotic | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -1.24 [-6.80, 4.14] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Chamaemelum (chamomile) | Probiotic | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -1.75 [-7.32, 3.63] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Chamaemelum (chamomile) | Probiotic | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD 11.40 [-7.02, 32.32] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Curcumin | Probiotic | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD 13.41 [-5.12, 34.31] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Curcumin | Probiotic | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -1.58 [-7.20, 3.79] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Echinacea | Probiotic | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -2.59 [-8.20, 2.81] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Echinacea | Probiotic | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD 10.91 [-7.56, 31.73] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Honey | Probiotic | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD 11.30 [-7.29, 32.32] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Honey | Probiotic | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -2.82 [-8.41, 2.56] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Levamisole | Probiotic | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD 0.65 [-5.15, 6.30] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) | Probiotic | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -0.96 [-6.61, 4.50] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Lycopene | Probiotic | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD 13.09 [-5.33, 33.91] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Lycopene | Probiotic | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -0.15 [-5.85, 5.34] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Probiotic | Placebo (PBO) | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD 1.2 [-4.1, 6.66] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Prednisolone | Probiotic | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -1.61 [-7.14, 3.76] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Chamaemelum (chamomile) | Quercetin | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -2.48 [-4.89, 0.04] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Curcumin | Quercetin | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -2.29 [-4.69, 0.04] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Curcumin | Quercetin | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -0.18 [-2.33, 2.03] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Echinacea | Quercetin | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -3.32 [-5.74, -0.84] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Echinacea | Quercetin | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -2.71 [-5.64, 0.18] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Honey | Quercetin | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -3.56 [-5.96, -1.07] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Honey | Quercetin | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -2.31 [-5.20, 0.57] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Levamisole | Quercetin | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -0.11 [-3.02, 2.71] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) | Quercetin | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -1.69 [-4.14, 0.87] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Lycopene | Quercetin | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -0.53 [-2.79, 1.68] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Lycopene | Quercetin | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -0.91 [-3.58, 1.70] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Quercetin | Placebo (PBO) | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD 1.93 [-0.33, 4.17] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Prednisolone | Quercetin | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -2.32 [-4.70, 0.01] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Probiotic | Quercetin | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale, 0 to 5; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -0.74 [-6.77, 5.16] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Probiotic | Quercetin | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -13.59 [-34.42, 4.83] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Aloe vera (AV) | Control | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -0.35 [-1.26, 0.58] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Chamaemelum (chamomile) | Control | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -2.43 [-4.54, -0.28] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Chamaemelum (chamomile) | Control | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks · Subgroup analysis of network meta-analysis: Control as comparator (only significant comparisons reported in text) | MD -2.40 [-4.50, -0.28] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Curcumin | Control | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -0.42 [-1.32, 0.48] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Echinacea | Control | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -2.95 [-5.07, -0.88] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Echinacea | Control | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks · Subgroup analysis of network meta-analysis: Control as comparator (only significant comparisons reported in text) | MD -3.00 [-5.10, -0.88] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Honey | Control | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks · Subgroup analysis of network meta-analysis: Control as comparator (only significant comparisons reported in text) | MD -2.60 [-4.60, -0.46] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Honey | Control | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -2.56 [-4.64, -0.46] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Aloe vera (AV) | Lycopene | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD 0.41 [-0.92, 1.87] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Lycopene | Control | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -0.76 [-1.85, 0.24] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Probiotic | Control | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -13.85 [-34.63, 4.56] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Aloe vera (AV) | Quercetin | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -0.11 [-2.27, 2.087] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Quercetin | Control | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -0.23 [-2.24, 1.73] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Aloe vera (AV) | Spirulina | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD 0.93 [-1.73, 3.53] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Chamaemelum (chamomile) | Spirulina | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -1.17 [-4.40, 2.11] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Spirulina | Control | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -1.27 [-3.69, 1.2] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Curcumin | Spirulina | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD 0.86 [-1.81, 3.44] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Echinacea | Spirulina | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -1.69 [-4.88, 1.53] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Honey | Spirulina | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -1.30 [-4.47, 1.88] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Lycopene | Spirulina | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD 0.50 [-2.22, 3.10] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Probiotic | Spirulina | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD -12.56 [-33.50, 5.74] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Quercetin | Spirulina | Pain score (VAS, 0 to 10 cm; mean change) Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks | MD 1.03 [-2.12, 4.13] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
Included primary studies 23
Open in Studies| Study | Year | Also included by | Outcomes it informs here | Trial data |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amirchaghmaghi 2015 A Randomized Placebo-controlled Double Blind Clinical Trial of Quercetin for Treatment of Oral Lichen Planus. PMID:25973150 | 2015 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Amirchaghmaghi 2016 Evaluation of the Efficacy of Curcumin in the Treatment of Oral Lichen Planus: A Randomized Controlled Trial. PMID:27437348 | 2016 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Bhatt 2022 Comparative efficacy of topical aloe vera and low-level laser therapy in the management of oral lichen planus: a randomized clinical trial. PMID:34853932 | 2022 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Chainani-Wu 2012 High-dose curcuminoids are efficacious in the reduction in symptoms and signs of oral lichen planus. PMID:21907450 | 2012 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Chaitanya 2022 Efficacy of Spirulina 500 mg vs Triamcinolone Acetonide 0.1% for the Treatment of Oral Lichen Planus: A Randomized Clinical Trial. PMID:35986466 | 2022 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Choonhakarn 2008 The efficacy of aloe vera gel in the treatment of oral lichen planus: a randomized controlled trial. PMID:18093246 | 2008 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Eita 2021 Serum 8-isoprostane levels in patients with resistant oral lichen planus before and after treatment with lycopene: a randomized clinical… PMID:34266435 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Fathy Samhan 2021 Effectiveness of honey therapy combined with photobiomodulation in the treatment of oral lichen planus: a randomized placebo-controlled… DOI:10.5114/pq.2020.100290 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ghobadi 2022 Timing of fledging is influenced by glucocorticoid physiology in Laysan Albatross chicks. PMID:20223237 | 2010 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Hazzaa 2021 Contribution to the thermodynamics of protein folding from the reduction in water-accessible nonpolar surface area. PMID:2021617 | 1991 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Keller 2018 Randomized pilot study on probiotic effects on recurrent candidiasis in oral lichen planus patients. PMID:29570907 | 2018 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Keshari 2015 Efficacy of topical curcumin in the management of oral lichen planus: A randomized controlled-trial DOI:10.15713/ins.jcri.78 | 2015 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kia 2015 Comparative Efficacy of Topical Curcumin and Triamcinolone for Oral Lichen Planus: A Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial. PMID:27507989 | 2015 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kia 2020 Comparison of oral Nano-Curcumin with oral prednisolone on oral lichen planus: a randomized double-blinded clinical trial. PMID:33129289 | 2020 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Kushwaha 2017 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE EFFICACY OF LYCOPENE VERSUS PREDNISOLONE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ORAL LICHEN PLANUS- A RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE BLIND… DOI:10.20959/wjpps20175-9144 | 2017 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Lopez 2016 Efficacy of topical chamomile management vs. placebo in patients with oral lichen planus: a randomized double-blind study. PMID:27324515 | 2016 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mansourian 2011 Comparison of aloe vera mouthwash with triamcinolone acetonide 0.1% on oral lichen planus: a randomized double-blinded clinical trial. PMID:21681079 | 2011 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Pratibha Shekhawat 2016 Assessment of Lycopene and Levamisole in Management of Oral Lichen Planus-A Comparative Study DOI:10.5958/2395-6194.2016.00002.3 | 2016 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Saawarn 2011 Lycopene in the management of oral lichen planus: a placebo-controlled study. PMID:22406705 | 2011 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Saberi 2022 Evaluation of the efficacy of Echinacea on clinical indices of Erosive Oral Lichen Planus: A randomized double-blind clinical trial DOI:10.4103/1735-3327.361358 | 2022 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Saberi 2022 Evaluation of the efficacy of Echinacea on clinical indices of Erosive Oral Lichen Planus: A randomized double-blind clinical trial. PMID:36605140 | 2022 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Salazar-Sanchez 2010 Efficacy of topical Aloe vera in patients with oral lichen planus: a randomized double-blind study. PMID:20923446 | 2010 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Vaidya 2023 Efficacy of Aloe Vera and Clobetasol Propionate in the Management of Oral Lichen Planus: A Randomized Parallel Clinical Trial. PMID:37312826 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
Review question
| Element | Planned (methods) | Found (results) |
|---|---|---|
| Population | Patients with clinically or histologically confirmed oral lichen planus without comorbid oral diseases | Patients with symptomatic or erosive oral lichen planus (n=1029) |
| Intervention | Interventions solely involving TCM-based biological extracts | 9 TCM-based extracts: aloe vera (5 studies), curcumin (6), lycopene (5), echinacea, spirulina, honey, probiotic, Chamaemelum, quercetin |
| Comparison | Not specified (any comparator; different modalities of the same corticosteroid excluded) | Placebo, prednisolone/steroid, clobetasol propionate, levamisole, low-level laser therapy |
| Outcomes | Clinical score (Thongprasom scale 0 to 5); pain score (VAS 0 to 10) | Clinical score (17 RCTs); pain score (22 RCTs) |
| Study designs | Randomized controlled trials | 22 double-blind two-arm RCTs |
| Timing | Not specified | Treatment duration 2 to 16 weeks |
AMSTAR 2 items
Two independent extractors rated each item. Their ratings are shown side by side because they have not been reconciled yet. The overall rating follows Shea et al. 2017: one critical flaw gives Low, more than one gives Critically Low.
| Item | Extractor A | Extractor B | Agree |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1Research question includes PICO components | Yes | Yes | yes |
| 2Protocol established before the reviewcritical | No | No | yes |
| 3Choice of study designs explained | No | No | yes |
| 4Comprehensive literature searchcritical | No | Partial Yes | no |
| 5Study selection in duplicate | Yes | Yes | yes |
| 6Data extraction in duplicate | Yes | Yes | yes |
| 7List of excluded studies with reasonscritical | No | No | yes |
| 8Included studies described in detail | Partial Yes | Partial Yes | yes |
| 9Risk of bias assessed satisfactorilycritical | RCT: Partial Yes · NRSI: N/A | NRSI: N/A · RCT: Partial Yes | no |
| 10Funding of included studies reported | No | No | yes |
| 11Appropriate meta-analysis methodscritical | RCT: Yes · NRSI: N/A | NRSI: N/A · RCT: No | no |
| 12Impact of risk of bias on the pooled results | Yes | Yes | yes |
| 13Risk of bias accounted for in interpretationcritical | Yes | Yes | yes |
| 14Heterogeneity explained | Yes | Yes | yes |
| 15Publication bias investigatedcritical | Yes | Yes | yes |
| 16Conflicts of interest reported | Yes | Yes | yes |
| Overall | Critically Low | Critically Low | yes |