Cochrane · systematic review · CD006311
Foot orthoses for treating paediatric flat feet
Evans, AM, Rome, K, Carroll, M, et al. · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · 2022 · Cochrane Library
SoF tableOnly the outcomes this review put in its Summary of Findings table are listed (the Cochrane Handbook caps them at about seven per comparison). Its other analyses are not shown here.
Questions
52
current version
GRADE rated
25
No studies
26
Included studies
NR
No studies 26 · 50%Ungraded 1 · 1.9%Very low 3 · 5.8%Low 22 · 42.3%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
Questions and results
Current version onlyCustomised foot orthoses compared to shoes in children with asymptomatic flat feet
Population: children with asymptomatic flat feet
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Pain (measured as proportion with pain) Customised foot orthoses vs shoes | RR 0.85 [0.67, 1.07] | NR | Low Downgraded: imprecision |
Function or disability Customised foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Quality of life Customised foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Treatment success Customised foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Withdrawal due to adverse events Customised foot orthoses vs shoes | RR 1.05 [0.94, 1.19] | NR | Low Downgraded: imprecision |
Adverse events Customised foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Serious adverse events Customised foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Prefabricated foot orthoses compared to shoes in children with asymptomatic flat feet
Population: children with asymptomatic flat feet
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Pain(measured as proportion with pain) Prefabricated foot orthoses vs shoes | RR 0.94 [0.76, 1.16] | NR | Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Function or disability Prefabricated foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Quality of life Prefabricated foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Treatment success Prefabricated foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Withdrawal due to adverse events Prefabricated foot orthoses vs shoes | RR 0.99 [0.79, 1.23] | NR | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision, indirectness |
Adverse events Prefabricated foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Serious adverse events Prefabricated foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Custom foot orthoses compared to prefabricated foot orthoses for children with asymptomatic flat feet
Population: children with asymptomatic flat feet
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Pain(measured as proportion with pain) Custom foot orthoses vs prefabricated foot orthoses | RR 0.93 [0.73, 1.18] | NR | Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Function or disability Custom foot orthoses vs prefabricated foot orthoses | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Quality of life Custom foot orthoses vs prefabricated foot orthoses | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Treatment success Custom foot orthoses vs prefabricated foot orthoses | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Withdrawal due to adverse events Custom foot orthoses vs prefabricated foot orthoses | RR 1 [0.9, 1.12] | NR | Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Adverse events Custom foot orthoses vs prefabricated foot orthoses | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Serious adverse events Custom foot orthoses vs prefabricated foot orthoses | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Custom foot orthoses compared to shoes in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and flat feet
Population: children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and flat feet
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Pain(measured on 0 to 10‐point VAS; lower = less pain) Custom foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision, indirectness |
Function or disability (measured on 0 to 100‐point FFI; 0 = no disability) Custom foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | Low Downgraded: risk of bias, indirectness |
Quality of life (child‐rated) (measured on 0 to 100‐point PedsQL; higher score = better QoL) Custom foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Quality of life (parent‐rated) (measured on 0 to 100‐point PedsQL; higher score = better QoL) Custom foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Treatment success (measured on the 50FTW (seconds)) Custom foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Withdrawal due to adverse events Custom foot orthoses vs shoes | RR 0.58 [0.11, 2.94] | NR | Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Adverse events Custom foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Serious adverse events Custom foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Prefabricated foot orthoses compared to shoes in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and flat feet
Population: children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and flat feet
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Pain(measured on 0 to 10‐point VAS; lower = less pain) Prefabricated foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision, indirectness |
Function or disability (measured on 0 to 100‐point FFI; 0 = no disability) Prefabricated foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Quality of life (child‐rated) (measured on 0 to 100‐point PedsQL; higher score = better QoL) Prefabricated foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision, indirectness |
Quality of life (parent‐rated) (measured on 0 to 100‐point PedsQL; higher score = better QoL) Prefabricated foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Treatment success (measured on the 50FWT (seconds)) Prefabricated foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Withdrawal due to adverse events Prefabricated foot orthoses vs shoes | RR 0.72 [0.14, 3.61] | NR | Ungraded |
Adverse events Prefabricated foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Serious adverse events Prefabricated foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Custom foot orthoses compared to prefabricated foot orthoses in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and flat feet
Population: children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and flat feet
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Pain(measured on 0 to 10‐point VAS; lower = less pain) Custom foot orthoses vs prefabricated foot orthoses | no estimate extracted | NR | Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Function or disability (measured on 0 to 100‐point FFI; 0 = no disability) Custom foot orthoses vs prefabricated foot orthoses | no estimate extracted | NR | Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Quality of life (child‐rated) (measured on 0 to 100‐point PedsQL; higher score = better QoL) Custom foot orthoses vs prefabricated foot orthoses | no estimate extracted | NR | Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Quality of life (parent‐rated) (measured on 0 to 100‐point PedsQL; higher score = better QoL) Custom foot orthoses vs prefabricated foot orthoses | no estimate extracted | NR | Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Treatment success (measured on the 50FWT (seconds)) Custom foot orthoses vs prefabricated foot orthoses | no estimate extracted | NR | Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Withdrawal due to adverse events Custom foot orthoses vs prefabricated foot orthoses | RR 0.8 [0.13, 4.87] | NR | Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Adverse effects Custom foot orthoses vs prefabricated foot orthoses | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Serious adverse events Custom foot orthoses vs prefabricated foot orthoses | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Prefabricated foot orthoses compared to shoes in children with symptomatic flat feet
Population: children with symptomatic flat feet
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Pain Prefabricated foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Function or disability (global function Prefabricated foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Quality of life (measured on 0 to 100‐point PedsQL; higher score = better QoL) Prefabricated foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Treatment success Prefabricated foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Withdrawal due to adverse events Prefabricated foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Adverse effects Prefabricated foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Serious adverse events Prefabricated foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Customised foot orthoses compared to shoes in children with asymptomatic flat feet
Population: children with asymptomatic flat feet
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Pain (measured as proportion with pain) Customised foot orthoses vs shoes | RR 0.85 [0.67, 1.07] | NR | Low Downgraded: imprecision |
Function or disability Customised foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Quality of life Customised foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Treatment success Customised foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Withdrawal due to adverse events Customised foot orthoses vs shoes | RR 1.05 [0.94, 1.19] | NR | Low Downgraded: imprecision |
Adverse events Customised foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Serious adverse events Customised foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Prefabricated foot orthoses compared to shoes in children with asymptomatic flat feet
Population: children with asymptomatic flat feet
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Pain(measured as proportion with pain) Prefabricated foot orthoses vs shoes | RR 0.94 [0.76, 1.16] | NR | Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Function or disability Prefabricated foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Quality of life Prefabricated foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Treatment success Prefabricated foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Withdrawal due to adverse events Prefabricated foot orthoses vs shoes | RR 0.99 [0.79, 1.23] | NR | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision, indirectness |
Adverse events Prefabricated foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Serious adverse events Prefabricated foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Custom foot orthoses compared to prefabricated foot orthoses for children with asymptomatic flat feet
Population: children with asymptomatic flat feet
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Pain(measured as proportion with pain) Custom foot orthoses vs prefabricated foot orthoses | RR 0.93 [0.73, 1.18] | NR | Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Function or disability Custom foot orthoses vs prefabricated foot orthoses | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Quality of life Custom foot orthoses vs prefabricated foot orthoses | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Treatment success Custom foot orthoses vs prefabricated foot orthoses | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Withdrawal due to adverse events Custom foot orthoses vs prefabricated foot orthoses | RR 1 [0.9, 1.12] | NR | Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Adverse events Custom foot orthoses vs prefabricated foot orthoses | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Serious adverse events Custom foot orthoses vs prefabricated foot orthoses | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Custom foot orthoses compared to shoes in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and flat feet
Population: children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and flat feet
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Pain(measured on 0 to 10‐point VAS; lower = less pain) Custom foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision, indirectness |
Function or disability (measured on 0 to 100‐point FFI; 0 = no disability) Custom foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | Low Downgraded: risk of bias, indirectness |
Quality of life (child‐rated) (measured on 0 to 100‐point PedsQL; higher score = better QoL) Custom foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Quality of life (parent‐rated) (measured on 0 to 100‐point PedsQL; higher score = better QoL) Custom foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Treatment success (measured on the 50FTW (seconds)) Custom foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Withdrawal due to adverse events Custom foot orthoses vs shoes | RR 0.58 [0.11, 2.94] | NR | Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Adverse events Custom foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Serious adverse events Custom foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Prefabricated foot orthoses compared to shoes in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and flat feet
Population: children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and flat feet
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Pain(measured on 0 to 10‐point VAS; lower = less pain) Prefabricated foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision, indirectness |
Function or disability (measured on 0 to 100‐point FFI; 0 = no disability) Prefabricated foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Quality of life (child‐rated) (measured on 0 to 100‐point PedsQL; higher score = better QoL) Prefabricated foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision, indirectness |
Quality of life (parent‐rated) (measured on 0 to 100‐point PedsQL; higher score = better QoL) Prefabricated foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Treatment success (measured on the 50FWT (seconds)) Prefabricated foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Withdrawal due to adverse events Prefabricated foot orthoses vs shoes | RR 0.72 [0.14, 3.61] | NR | Ungraded |
Adverse events Prefabricated foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Serious adverse events Prefabricated foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Custom foot orthoses compared to prefabricated foot orthoses in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and flat feet
Population: children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and flat feet
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Pain(measured on 0 to 10‐point VAS; lower = less pain) Custom foot orthoses vs prefabricated foot orthoses | no estimate extracted | NR | Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Function or disability (measured on 0 to 100‐point FFI; 0 = no disability) Custom foot orthoses vs prefabricated foot orthoses | no estimate extracted | NR | Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Quality of life (child‐rated) (measured on 0 to 100‐point PedsQL; higher score = better QoL) Custom foot orthoses vs prefabricated foot orthoses | no estimate extracted | NR | Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Quality of life (parent‐rated) (measured on 0 to 100‐point PedsQL; higher score = better QoL) Custom foot orthoses vs prefabricated foot orthoses | no estimate extracted | NR | Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Treatment success (measured on the 50FWT (seconds)) Custom foot orthoses vs prefabricated foot orthoses | no estimate extracted | NR | Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Withdrawal due to adverse events Custom foot orthoses vs prefabricated foot orthoses | RR 0.8 [0.13, 4.87] | NR | Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Adverse effects Custom foot orthoses vs prefabricated foot orthoses | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Serious adverse events Custom foot orthoses vs prefabricated foot orthoses | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Prefabricated foot orthoses compared to shoes in children with symptomatic flat feet
Population: children with symptomatic flat feet
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Pain Prefabricated foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Function or disability (global function Prefabricated foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Quality of life (measured on 0 to 100‐point PedsQL; higher score = better QoL) Prefabricated foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | Low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Treatment success Prefabricated foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Withdrawal due to adverse events Prefabricated foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Adverse effects Prefabricated foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Serious adverse events Prefabricated foot orthoses vs shoes | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Comparison
Population: patients with paediatric pes planus
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Pain 10 point VAS. Scale from: 0 to 10. ( | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 28 participants | Low Downgraded: risk of bias |
Disability Foot Function Index. Scale from: 0 to 100. ( | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 28 participants | Low Downgraded: risk of bias |
Adverse events ‐ not measured | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |