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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,280 questions in 114 reviews · Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders
current versionsNo studies 856 · 37.5%Ungraded 58 · 2.5%Very low 550 · 24.1%Low 502 · 22%Moderate 271 · 11.9%High 43 · 1.9%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Summary of findings ‐ oral azithromycin vs placebo FEV1 % predicted: mean change from baseline · adults and children with cystic fibrosis Macrolide antibiotics (including azithromycin) for cystic fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 549 participants | High |
Summary of findings ‐ high‐dose azithromycin vs low‐dose azithromycin Adverse events · children with cystic fibrosis Macrolide antibiotics (including azithromycin) for cystic fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings ‐ high‐dose azithromycin vs low‐dose azithromycin Hospitalisations · children with cystic fibrosis Macrolide antibiotics (including azithromycin) for cystic fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings ‐ high‐dose azithromycin vs low‐dose azithromycin New acquisition of CF pathogens: PA · children with cystic fibrosis Macrolide antibiotics (including azithromycin) for cystic fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings ‐ high‐dose azithromycin vs low‐dose azithromycin Need for additional antibiotics · children with cystic fibrosis Macrolide antibiotics (including azithromycin) for cystic fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings ‐ high‐dose azithromycin vs low‐dose azithromycin QoL · children with cystic fibrosis Macrolide antibiotics (including azithromycin) for cystic fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings ‐ nebulised azithromycin vs oral azithromycin FEV1 % predicted: mean change from baseline · children with cystic fibrosis Macrolide antibiotics (including azithromycin) for cystic fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 45 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings ‐ nebulised azithromycin vs oral azithromycin Pulmonary exacerbations: time to next exacerbation · children with cystic fibrosis Macrolide antibiotics (including azithromycin) for cystic fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings ‐ nebulised azithromycin vs oral azithromycin Adverse events: number of treatment‐related adverse events · children with cystic fibrosis Macrolide antibiotics (including azithromycin) for cystic fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 45 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings ‐ nebulised azithromycin vs oral azithromycin Hospitalisations · children with cystic fibrosis Macrolide antibiotics (including azithromycin) for cystic fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings ‐ nebulised azithromycin vs oral azithromycin New acquisition of CF pathogens: PA (mean change in PA count (log10 PA CFU/g sputum)) · children with cystic fibrosis Macrolide antibiotics (including azithromycin) for cystic fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 45 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings ‐ oral azithromycin vs placebo Pulmonary exacerbations: time to next exacerbation · adults and children with cystic fibrosis Macrolide antibiotics (including azithromycin) for cystic fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 796 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings ‐ nebulised azithromycin vs oral azithromycin Need for additional antibiotics · children with cystic fibrosis Macrolide antibiotics (including azithromycin) for cystic fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings ‐ nebulised azithromycin vs oral azithromycin QoL: change in PEDsQL‐4 scale · children with cystic fibrosis Macrolide antibiotics (including azithromycin) for cystic fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 45 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings ‐ weekly azithromycin vs daily azithromycin FEV1 % predicted: mean change % predicted · adults and children with cystic fibrosis Macrolide antibiotics (including azithromycin) for cystic fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 208 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings ‐ weekly azithromycin vs daily azithromycin Pulmonary exacerbations: number of days to first exacerbation · adults and children with cystic fibrosis Macrolide antibiotics (including azithromycin) for cystic fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 208 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings ‐ weekly azithromycin vs daily azithromycin Adverse events: number of treatment‐related adverse events · adults and children with cystic fibrosis Macrolide antibiotics (including azithromycin) for cystic fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 208 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings ‐ weekly azithromycin vs daily azithromycin Hospitalisations: mean number of hospital admissions · adults and children with cystic fibrosis Macrolide antibiotics (including azithromycin) for cystic fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 208 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings ‐ weekly azithromycin vs daily azithromycin New acquisition of CF pathogens: PA · adults and children with cystic fibrosis Macrolide antibiotics (including azithromycin) for cystic fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings ‐ weekly azithromycin vs daily azithromycin Need for additional antibiotics · adults and children with cystic fibrosis Macrolide antibiotics (including azithromycin) for cystic fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings ‐ weekly azithromycin vs daily azithromycin QoL: change in CFQ score · adults and children with cystic fibrosis Macrolide antibiotics (including azithromycin) for cystic fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 208 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings ‐ oral azithromycin vs placebo Adverse events: number of mild treatment‐related adverse events · adults and children with cystic fibrosis Macrolide antibiotics (including azithromycin) for cystic fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 748 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings ‐ oral azithromycin vs placebo Hospitalisations: admissions to hospital · adults and children with cystic fibrosis Macrolide antibiotics (including azithromycin) for cystic fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 445 participants | High |
Summary of findings ‐ oral azithromycin vs placebo New acquisition of CF pathogens: PA · adults and children with cystic fibrosis Macrolide antibiotics (including azithromycin) for cystic fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 282 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings ‐ oral azithromycin vs placebo Need for additional antibiotics: participants needing extra IV antibiotics · adults and children with cystic fibrosis Macrolide antibiotics (including azithromycin) for cystic fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 527 participants | High |
Summary of findings ‐ oral azithromycin vs placebo QoL: mean change in quality of life · adults and children with cystic fibrosis Macrolide antibiotics (including azithromycin) for cystic fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 177 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings ‐ high‐dose azithromycin vs low‐dose azithromycin FEV1 % predicted: · children with cystic fibrosis Macrolide antibiotics (including azithromycin) for cystic fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 47 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings ‐ high‐dose azithromycin vs low‐dose azithromycin Pulmonary exacerbations: rate of exacerbations per child per month · children with cystic fibrosis Macrolide antibiotics (including azithromycin) for cystic fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 47 participants | Very low |
BAL‐directed therapy vs standard therapy FEV1: z score · infants and children with pulmonary exacerbations in cystic fibrosis Bronchoscopy‐guided antimicrobial therapy for cystic fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 186 participants | Low |
BAL‐directed therapy vs standard therapy FVC: absolute z score · infants and children with pulmonary exacerbations in cystic fibrosis Bronchoscopy‐guided antimicrobial therapy for cystic fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 157 participants | Low |
BAL‐directed therapy vs standard therapy HRCT score · infants and children with pulmonary exacerbations in cystic fibrosis Bronchoscopy‐guided antimicrobial therapy for cystic fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 181 participants | Moderate |
BAL‐directed therapy vs standard therapy Nutritional parameters: z score for weight · infants and children with pulmonary exacerbations in cystic fibrosis Bronchoscopy‐guided antimicrobial therapy for cystic fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 186 participants | Low |
BAL‐directed therapy vs standard therapy Number of positive P aeruginosa isolates · infants and children with pulmonary exacerbations in cystic fibrosis Bronchoscopy‐guided antimicrobial therapy for cystic fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 157 participants | Low |
BAL‐directed therapy vs standard therapy Hospitalisations: number per participant per year · infants and children with pulmonary exacerbations in cystic fibrosis Bronchoscopy‐guided antimicrobial therapy for cystic fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 157 participants | Low |
BAL‐directed therapy vs standard therapy Cost of hospital care per participant (AUD) · infants and children with pulmonary exacerbations in cystic fibrosis Bronchoscopy‐guided antimicrobial therapy for cystic fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 157 participants | Moderate |
Vitamin C 1400 mg plus vitamin E 800 mg vs placebo Frequency of pain crisis · adults with sickle cell disease (adults with homozygous SCA or sickle beta 0 thalassaemia SCD) Antioxidant supplementation for sickle cell disease (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.18 [0.64, 2.18] | 1 study · 83 participants | Very low |
Zinc vs placebo QoL of participants living with SCD and their caregivers · children and adults with sickle cell disease Antioxidant supplementation for sickle cell disease (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Zinc vs placebo Adverse effects · children and adults with sickle cell disease Antioxidant supplementation for sickle cell disease (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Zinc vs placebo Frequency of hospitalization · children and adults with sickle cell disease Antioxidant supplementation for sickle cell disease (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Zinc vs placebo Frequency of sickle cell‐related complications: number of participants with completely healed leg ulcer ( · children and adults with sickle cell disease Antioxidant supplementation for sickle cell disease (2024) · Cochrane | RR 2 [0.6, 6.72] | 1 study · 34 participants | Very low |
Zinc vs placebo Haemoglobin status (g/dL) · children and adults with sickle cell disease Antioxidant supplementation for sickle cell disease (2024) · Cochrane | MD 1.26 [0.44, 1.26] | 1 study · 36 participants | Low |
N‐acetylcysteine (1200 mg) vs placebo Frequency of crisis (number of pain days) · sickle cell disease Antioxidant supplementation for sickle cell disease (2024) · Cochrane | Rate ratio 0.99 [0.53, 1.84] | 1 study · 96 participants | Low |
N‐acetylcysteine (1200 mg) vs placebo Severity of pain (maximum pain intensity on pain days) · sickle cell disease Antioxidant supplementation for sickle cell disease (2024) · Cochrane | MD 0.17 | 1 study · 96 participants | Low |
N‐acetylcysteine (1200 mg) vs placebo QoL of participants living with SCD and their caregivers (measured using SF‐36 scale) · sickle cell disease Antioxidant supplementation for sickle cell disease (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 96 participants | Very low |
N‐acetylcysteine (1200 mg) vs placebo Adverse effects · sickle cell disease Antioxidant supplementation for sickle cell disease (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.75, 1.14] | 1 study · 96 participants | Low |
N‐acetylcysteine (1200 mg) vs placebo Frequency of hospitalization · sickle cell disease Antioxidant supplementation for sickle cell disease (2024) · Cochrane | rate ratio 0.98 | 1 study · 96 participants | Low |
Vitamin C 1400 mg plus vitamin E 800 mg vs placebo Severity of pain (use of opioid analgesics) · adults with sickle cell disease (adults with homozygous SCA or sickle beta 0 thalassaemia SCD) Antioxidant supplementation for sickle cell disease (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.33 [0.4, 4.37] | 1 study · 83 participants | Very low |
N‐acetylcysteine (1200 mg) vs placebo Frequency of sickle cell‐related complications (acute chest syndrome) · sickle cell disease Antioxidant supplementation for sickle cell disease (2024) · Cochrane | RR 5 [0.25, 101.48] | 1 study · 96 participants | Very low |
N‐acetylcysteine (1200 mg) vs placebo Haemoglobin status · sickle cell disease Antioxidant supplementation for sickle cell disease (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 96 participants | Low |
L‐arginine vs placebo Frequency of crisis (monthly crisis) · sickle cell disease Antioxidant supplementation for sickle cell disease (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.26, 1.95] | 1 study · 50 participants | Low |