Very early treatment showed no clear difference in chronic lung disease compared with expectant management (low certainty).
Very early treatment showed no clear difference in severe Intraventricular hemorrhage (grades III and IV) compared with expectant management (moderate certainty).
Very early treatment showed no clear difference in necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC; stage 2 or greater) compared with expectant management (moderate certainty).
Very early treatment showed no clear difference in neurodevelopmental outcomes (moderate/severe cognitive delay at 18… compared with expectant management (low certainty).
Very early treatment showed no clear difference in neurodevelopmental outcomes (moderate/severe motor delay at 18 to 24… compared with expectant management (low certainty).
Very early treatment showed no clear difference in neurodevelopmental outcomes (moderate/severe language delay at 18 to… compared with expectant management (low certainty).
Very early treatment showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality during hospital stay compared with expectant management (moderate certainty).
Very early treatment showed no clear difference in proportion of infants requiring surgical PDA ligation or… compared with expectant management (moderate certainty).
It is very uncertain whether very early treatment changes proportion of infants receiving any pharmacotherapy for a… compared with expectant management (very low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether prophylactic or very early CPAP changes failed treatment defined as recurrent apnoea, hypoxia, hypercarbia… compared with supportive care (very low certainty).
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
Prophylactic CPAP probably leads to lower failed treatment defined as the need for mechanical ventilation compared with mechanical ventilation (moderate certainty).