It is very uncertain whether transdermal or intranasal nicotine changes pain at 60 minutes compared with placebo (very low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether transdermal or intranasal nicotine changes pain at 12 hours compared with placebo (very low certainty).
Transdermal or intranasal nicotine showed no clear difference in pain at 24 hours compared with placebo (low certainty).
Transdermal or intranasal nicotine showed no clear difference in hourly morphine equivalents at 60 minutes compared with placebo (low certainty).
Transdermal or intranasal nicotine showed no clear difference in hourly morphine equivalents at 24 hours compared with placebo (low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether transdermal or intranasal nicotine changes sedation score compared with placebo (very low certainty).
Transdermal or intranasal nicotine probably leads to higher nausea compared with placebo (moderate certainty).
Transdermal or intranasal nicotine showed no clear difference in vomiting compared with placebo (low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether transdermal or intranasal nicotine changes time to hospital discharge compared with placebo (very low certainty).